School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Apr 20;870:161844. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161844. Epub 2023 Jan 27.
The aim of this study is to investigate the exposure of novel high-molecular-weight (HMW) synthetic antioxidants (AOs), including nine synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), one low-molecular-weight (LMW) SPA, two organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) as well as one transformation product in children's urine from eastern (n = 82) and western (n = 105) China. For the first time, all analytes were detected in children's urine such as the representative HMW SPAs pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) (AO1010, median = 0.447 ng/mL), octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (AO1076, median = 0.0300 ng/mL), and 1,3,5-tris[(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione(1,2-dioxoethylene)bis(iminoethylene) (AO3114, median = 0.0166 ng/mL) and representative OPAs bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite (AO626, median = 0.00216 ng/mL), tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168, median = 0.0296 ng/mL) as well as its transformation product tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168O, median = 1.53 ng/mL). Significant differences were observed in the concentrations of AO1010, AO3114, AO168, and AO168O between urine samples from eastern and western China (p < 0.01). The high-frequency combination of AOs from binary to a mixture of six AOs was acquired, which would provide a better investigation of the mixture toxicity. The high estimated daily intakes of AO1010 (85.4 ng/kg/day), AO1076 (10.2 ng/kg/day), AO3114 (4.50 ng/kg/day), and AO168 (1231 ng/kg/day) were less than the values of the tolerable daily intake (3,020,000, 1,500,000, 10,000,000, and 580,000 ng/kg/day for AO1010, AO1076, AO3114, and AO168, respectively), indicating low health risk to children. Our findings showed the co-occurrence of those novel AOs and transformation products in children, the overall risks associated with the mixture of transformation products and the mixture with other emerging pollutants need to be considered when assessing the risks of AOs in further studies.
本研究旨在调查新型高分子量（HMW）合成抗氧化剂（AOs），包括 9 种合成酚类抗氧化剂（SPAs）、1 种低分子量（LMW）SPA、2 种亚磷酸酯抗氧化剂（OPAs）以及 1 种转化产物在来自中国东部（n=82）和西部（n=105）的儿童尿液中的暴露情况。这是首次在儿童尿液中检测到所有分析物，如代表性 HMW SPAs 五[3-(3,5-二特丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸酯]季戊四醇（AO1010，中位数=0.447ng/mL）、十八烷基-3-(3,5-二特丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸酯（AO1076，中位数=0.0300ng/mL）和 1,3,5-三[(3,5-二特丁基-4-羟基苯基)甲基]-1,3,5-三嗪烷-2,4,6-三酮（1,2-二氧乙烯）双（亚氨基乙烯）（AO3114，中位数=0.0166ng/mL）以及代表性 OPAs 双(2,4-二特丁基苯基)季戊四醇二亚磷酸酯（AO626，中位数=0.00216ng/mL）、三(2,4-二特丁基苯基)亚磷酸酯（AO168，中位数=0.0296ng/mL）及其转化产物三(2,4-二特丁基苯基)磷酸酯（AO168O，中位数=1.53ng/mL）。在中国东部和西部的儿童尿液样本中，AO1010、AO3114、AO168 和 AO168O 的浓度存在显著差异（p<0.01）。从二元到六种 AOs 的混合物，这将提供对混合物毒性的更好研究。AO1010（85.4ng/kg/天）、AO1076（10.2ng/kg/天）、AO3114（4.50ng/kg/天）和 AO168（1231ng/kg/天）的高估计日摄入量低于耐受日摄入量（3020000、1500000、10000000 和 580000ng/kg/天，分别为 AO1010、AO1076、AO3114 和 AO168），表明对儿童的健康风险较低。我们的研究结果表明，这些新型 AOs 和转化产物在儿童中共同存在，在进一步研究中评估 AOs 风险时，需要考虑转化产物混合物以及与其他新兴污染物混合物的总体风险。
