Pseudouridine Identification and Functional Annotation with PIANO.

Pseudouridine (Ψ) is the first-discovered RNA modification abundantly present in many classes of RNAs, which plays a pivotal role in a series of biological processes. Accurately identifying the location of Ψ sites is helpful for relevant downstream researches. In this chapter, we introduce a website PIANO-for pseudouridine site (Ψ) identification and functional annotation, which enables researchers to predict human putative Ψ sites with a high-accuracy (average AUC of 0.955 under the full transcript model and 0.838 under the mature mRNA model when testing on six independent datasets). The posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms of putative Ψ sites including miRNA-targets, RBP-binding regions, and splicing sites were also annotated. A comprehensive query database was also provided to deposit over 4300 human Ψ modifications, which is currently the most complete collection of experimental-derived Ψ sites. The PIANO website is freely accessible at: http://piano.rnamd.com or http://180.208.58.19/Ψ-WHISTLE .