Laboratory of Apicomplexan Parasites Research, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil.
Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.
Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 16;13:910236. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910236. eCollection 2022.
Malaria is one of the most devastating human infectious diseases caused by spp. parasites. A search for an effective and safe vaccine is the main challenge for its eradication. is the second most prevalent species and the most geographically distributed parasite and has been neglected for decades. This has a massive gap in knowledge and consequently in the development of vaccines. The most significant difficulties in obtaining a vaccine against are the high genetic diversity and the extremely complex life cycle. Due to its complexity, studies have evaluated antigens from different stages as potential targets for an effective vaccine. Therefore, the main vaccine candidates are grouped into preerythrocytic stage vaccines, blood-stage vaccines, and transmission-blocking vaccines. This review aims to support future investigations by presenting the main findings of vivax malaria vaccines to date. There are only a few vaccines in clinical trials, and thus far, the best protective efficacy was a vaccine formulated with synthetic peptide from a circumsporozoite protein and Montanide ISA-51 as an adjuvant with 54.5% efficacy in a phase IIa study. In addition, the majority of antigen candidates are polymorphic, induce strain-specific and heterogeneous immunity and provide only partial protection. Nevertheless, immunization with recombinant proteins and multiantigen vaccines have shown promising results and have emerged as excellent strategies. However, more studies are necessary to assess the ideal vaccine combination and test it in clinical trials. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against vivax malaria is essential for controlling and eliminating the disease. Therefore, it is necessary to determine what is already known to propose and identify new candidates.
疟疾是由疟原虫属寄生虫引起的最具破坏性的人类传染病之一。寻找一种有效和安全的疫苗是消除疟疾的主要挑战。间日疟原虫是第二大流行疟原虫种，也是分布最广的寄生虫，几十年来一直被忽视。这导致了在知识和疫苗开发方面存在巨大差距。获得针对间日疟原虫疫苗的最大困难是遗传多样性高和极其复杂的生命周期。由于其复杂性，研究已经评估了来自不同阶段的 抗原作为有效疫苗的潜在靶标。因此，主要的疫苗候选物分为红细胞前期疫苗、血液期疫苗和传播阻断疫苗。本文旨在通过介绍迄今为止间日疟疫苗的主要研究结果，为未来的研究提供支持。目前只有少数几种间日疟疫苗处于临床试验阶段，迄今为止，最好的保护效果是一种用环子孢子蛋白合成肽和 Montanide ISA-51 作为佐剂制成的疫苗，在一项 IIa 期研究中具有 54.5%的疗效。此外，大多数 抗原候选物是多态的，诱导菌株特异性和异质性免疫，仅提供部分保护。然而，用重组蛋白和多抗原疫苗进行免疫已显示出有希望的结果，并已成为优秀的策略。然而，仍需要更多的研究来评估理想的疫苗组合，并在临床试验中进行测试。开发针对间日疟的安全有效的疫苗对于控制和消除这种疾病至关重要。因此，有必要确定已经知道的内容，以提出和确定新的候选者。
