Brand Larry E, Campbell Lisa, Bresnan Eileen
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, United States.
Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
Harmful Algae. 2012 Feb;14:156-178. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.020. Epub 2011 Oct 25.
is a genus containing at least 12 species of marine unarmored dinoflagellates. Species of the genus can be found throughout the world in both oceanic and coastal waters. They are usually sparse in abundance, but occasionally form large blooms in coastal waters. Most species produce a variety of toxins that can kill fish and other marine organisms when they bloom. In addition to toxicity, some blooms cause animal mortalities through the generation of anoxia. At least one species, , produces brevetoxin that not only kills fish, marine mammals, and other animals, but also causes Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning and respiratory distress in humans. The lipid soluble brevetoxin can biomagnify up the food chain through fish to top carnivores like dolphins, killing them. dinoflagellates are slow growers, so physical concentrating mechanisms are probably important for the development of blooms. The blooms are highly sporadic in both time and space, although most tend to occur in summer or fall months in frontal regions. At the present time, our understanding of the causes of the blooms and ability to predict them is poor. Given the recent discovery of new species, it is likely that new species and toxins will be discovered in the future.
是一个包含至少12种海洋无甲藻的属。该属的物种在世界各地的海洋和沿海水域都能找到。它们的数量通常稀少，但偶尔会在沿海水域形成大量水华。大多数物种会产生多种毒素，当它们形成水华时会杀死鱼类和其他海洋生物。除了毒性外，一些水华还会通过产生缺氧导致动物死亡。至少有一种物种， ，产生短裸甲藻毒素，不仅会杀死鱼类、海洋哺乳动物和其他动物，还会导致人类出现神经性贝类中毒和呼吸窘迫。脂溶性的短裸甲藻毒素可以通过鱼类在食物链中生物放大，直至像海豚这样的顶级食肉动物，将它们杀死。甲藻生长缓慢，所以物理浓缩机制可能对水华的形成很重要。水华在时间和空间上都高度分散，尽管大多数倾向于在夏季或秋季出现在锋面区域。目前，我们对水华成因的理解以及预测水华的能力都很差。鉴于最近发现了新物种，未来很可能会发现新的 物种和毒素。
