Camarena Héctor Octavio, García-Leal Oscar, Saldaña-Hernández Zayra, Barrón Erick
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
Basic Psychology Department, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
Front Psychol. 2023 Jan 17;13:1033583. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1033583. eCollection 2022.
In propositional logic, it is stated that "for if A is predicated for every B, and B for every C, A must necessarily be predicated of every C". Following a similar logical process, it can be said that If A > B and B > C, then A > C, this is called transitive inference (TI). Piaget developed a verbal task to evaluate TI in children. Subsequent studies adapted this task for animals using a conditioned discrimination between five-terms sequence of stimuli A + B-, B + C-, C + D-, and D + E-. If subjects prefer B over D during test, it is assumed that TI has occurred. In this experiment, we analyzed the effects of task complexity on TI by using a five-terms sequence of stimuli associated with probabilistic outcomes during training, in pigeons. Thus, both stimuli are reinforced in each pair but with different probability, 0.8 for + stimulus and 0.2 for the-stimulus. We found that performance during C + D- pair is impaired and preference in the test pair BD is affected. However, this impairment is dependent on individual differences in performance in C + D- pair. We compare our findings with previous research and conclude that Pavlovian mechanisms, as well as ordering of stimuli, can account for our findings.
在命题逻辑中，有这样的表述：“如果A对所有B成立，且B对所有C成立，那么A必然对所有C成立”。遵循类似的逻辑过程，可以说如果A > B且B > C，那么A > C，这被称为传递性推理（TI）。皮亚杰设计了一项语言任务来评估儿童的传递性推理能力。后续研究将该任务改编用于动物，采用了对刺激A + B-、B + C-、C + D-和D + E-的五项序列进行条件辨别。如果在测试过程中，实验对象对B的偏好超过D，那么就认为发生了传递性推理。在本实验中，我们通过在训练过程中使用与概率性结果相关的刺激的五项序列，来分析任务复杂性对鸽子传递性推理的影响。因此，在每一对刺激中，两种刺激都会得到强化，但概率不同，正向刺激的概率为0.8，负向刺激的概率为0.2。我们发现，在C + D-这一对刺激中的表现受到损害，并且测试对BD中的偏好也受到影响。然而，这种损害取决于在C + D-这一对刺激中表现的个体差异。我们将我们的研究结果与之前的研究进行比较，并得出结论，巴甫洛夫机制以及刺激的排序可以解释我们的研究结果。
