From micro to macro: Structural determinants and oral health.

The structural determinants of health include social, economic and political mechanisms which generate social stratification and the socioeconomic positions of individuals within society. Despite their importance, these 'causes of the causes' are still relatively under-studied within oral health research. Yet it is important to assess the effects of these 'upstream' determinants, given that most individuals cannot influence or change them. It is also important to move beyond focusing primarily on downstream determinants and approaches at the individual or household level. This review will offer a brief overview of what is currently known about structural determinants and upstream interventions in relation to oral health. The review starts by briefly summarizing oral health focused studies of structural determinants, including welfare regimes, governance and macroeconomic, social and public policies. Current knowledge on upstream interventions associated with oral health such as community water fluoridation, sugar sweetened beverage taxes and dental payment structures will also be covered. The article will then assess gaps in the research base, including current limitations and barriers-as well as opportunities-in analysing the effects of structural determinants and upstream interventions. The review finishes by suggesting next steps for better understanding and addressing these determinants and interventions-including considerations around theory, data and approaches from other fields such as systems science-with the hope that these can help make contributions to future policy decision making processes.