Khan Junaid Aziz, Khayyam Umer, Waheed Abdul, Khokhar Muhammad Fahim
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
Institute of Geographical Information Systems (IGIS), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
Heliyon. 2023 Jan 31;9(2):e13297. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13297. eCollection 2023 Feb.
For the last three decades, Islamabad - a planned city, and Rawalpindi - an unplanned city, have experienced massive land use and land cover changes. The main objective of this study was a comparative assessment and quantification of LULC changes in relation to population growth and urbanization from 1990 to 2021 with the help of satellite imagery and population data in planned and unplanned cities. For classification four land-use land cover classes: built-up, vegetation, bare land, and water were selected. Maximum likelihood algorithm and confusion matrix were employed for classification and accuracy assessment. Results revealed that built-up increased from 5.7% (52 km) to 25.7% (233 km) and 3.7% (60 km) to 14.1% (228 km) from 1990 to 2021 for Islamabad and Rawalpindi, respectively. Wherein the bare land decreased from 42.2% (382 km) to 18.1% (164 km) in Islamabad and 65.5% (1058 km) to 32.1% (518 km) in Rawalpindi. Vegetation showed an increment of 4.7% for Islamabad and 24.5% for Rawalpindi. Surface water bodies decreased in both study areas. Population growth showed a strong positive correlation with the built-up class and a strong negative correlation with the bare land class for both cities. The outcomes of this study may be helpful in policymaking for better planning and management of land use land cover and urban sprawl in the context of sustainable development goals.
在过去三十年里，伊斯兰堡（一座规划城市）和拉瓦尔品第（一座非规划城市）经历了大规模的土地利用和土地覆盖变化。本研究的主要目的是借助卫星图像和人口数据，对1990年至2021年规划城市和非规划城市中土地利用与土地覆盖变化与人口增长和城市化的关系进行比较评估和量化。为进行分类，选取了四个土地利用土地覆盖类别：建成区、植被、裸地和水体。采用最大似然算法和混淆矩阵进行分类和精度评估。结果显示，1990年至2021年期间，伊斯兰堡的建成区面积从5.7%（52平方千米）增至25.7%（233平方千米），拉瓦尔品第的建成区面积从3.7%（60平方千米）增至14.1%（228平方千米）。其中，伊斯兰堡的裸地面积从42.2%（382平方千米）降至18.1%（164平方千米），拉瓦尔品第的裸地面积从65.5%（1058平方千米）降至32.1%（518平方千米）。伊斯兰堡的植被面积增长了4.7%，拉瓦尔品第的植被面积增长了24.5%。两个研究区域的地表水体面积均减少。两个城市的人口增长与建成区类别呈强正相关，与裸地类别呈强负相关。本研究结果可能有助于在可持续发展目标背景下，为土地利用土地覆盖和城市扩张的更好规划与管理制定政策。
