Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
Glycobiology. 2023 May 17;33(4):262-273. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwad011.
Trehalose is a major circulatory sugar in the haemolymph of insects. It provides instant energy and protection against stress. Trehalose metabolism is associated with insect growth and development. The architecture and spatio-temporal expression dynamics of trehalose metabolism and transport genes are key for regulation. These genes are controlled by various transcription factors, largely linked to nutrition, insect development, and metamorphosis. Also, trehalose levels are affected by substrate affinities and modifications of enzymes involved in the pathway. A feedback mechanism involving the precursors and products can regulate trehalose metabolism. Further, the neuroendocrine system controls trehalose levels under normal and stressed conditions by producing different hormones. Hypotrehalosemic hormones work under surplus energy conditions to activate haemolymph trehalose uptake and degradation. In contrast, hypertrehalosemic hormones stimulate trehalose production in the fat body and its transport to the haemolymph. However, trehalose metabolism regulation in insects needs to be studied in detail. This review discusses aspects of trehalose synthesis, transport, and degradation dynamics in developmental transition and stress response. Unraveling the epigenetic factors, transcriptional control and chemical or genetic modulators can provide further insights into the intricate regulation of trehalose in a development- and tissue-specific manner. This molecular information about effectors and regulators of trehalose metabolism can be applied in developing diverse biotechnological applications.
海藻糖是昆虫血淋巴中的主要循环糖。它提供即时能量并能抵抗压力。海藻糖代谢与昆虫的生长和发育有关。海藻糖代谢和运输基因的结构和时空表达动态是调节的关键。这些基因受各种转录因子控制，主要与营养、昆虫发育和变态有关。此外，海藻糖水平还受到参与途径的酶的底物亲和力和修饰的影响。涉及前体和产物的反馈机制可以调节海藻糖代谢。此外，神经内分泌系统通过产生不同的激素在正常和应激条件下控制海藻糖水平。低海藻糖激素在能量过剩的情况下发挥作用，激活血淋巴海藻糖的摄取和降解。相反，高海藻糖激素刺激脂肪体中海藻糖的产生及其向血淋巴的运输。然而，昆虫中海藻糖代谢的调节需要详细研究。本综述讨论了海藻糖合成、运输和降解在发育转变和应激反应中的动态。揭示表观遗传因素、转录控制以及化学或遗传调节剂可以深入了解海藻糖在发育和组织特异性方面的复杂调节。关于海藻糖代谢效应物和调节剂的分子信息可应用于开发各种生物技术应用。
