Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine & Pharmacy Iasi, Romania; and.
Basic, Preventive and Clinical Sciences Department, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania.
Am J Ther. 2023;30(2):e126-e133. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001604. Epub 2023 Feb 9.
Genetic engineering has allowed a major development of research in this field, with specialists attempting to edit the human genome, after the successful editing of the genomes of plants and animals. However, human gene editing technologies are at the center of ethical debates around the world.
Ethical concerns about genetic editing of the human embryo raise several issues that can be viewed through the prism of optimism and reluctance leading to a number of recommendations regarding the acceptance of what may soon become a reality.
A literature search was conducted through PubMed, MEDLINE, Plus, Scopus, and Web of Science (2015-2022) using combinations of keywords, including: human genome or gene editing plus ethics.
Gene therapy is seen by researchers as a way to solve congenital diseases, multifactorial diseases in general or specific diseases such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, or can increase resistance to HIV infection. Genome editing technologies, germline gene editing, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats gene editing technology, technologies such as zinc finger nucleases are not only advanced gene therapies that require solving technical problems, but also techniques that require complex and complete analysis of ethical problems. Genetic engineering raises many ethical concerns such as: safety concerns especially the risk of off-target effects; autonomy of the individual-with the limitation of the future generations to consent for an intervention over their genome; social justice-keeping in mind the costs of the procedures and their availability to the general population. Discussions can go further from questions such as "How can we do this?" to questions such as "Should we do this?" or "Is society ready to accept this technology and is it able to manage it rationally?"
The ethics of biomedical research should be based on global dialogue, on the involvement of experts and the public, to achieve a broad social consensus. The fundamental review of the ethics of genetics is a desire and an opportunity of the current period.
基因工程使得该领域的研究取得了重大进展，专家们试图在成功编辑动植物基因组之后编辑人类基因组。然而，人类基因编辑技术是全球伦理辩论的核心。
对人类胚胎基因编辑的伦理关注引发了一些问题，可以通过乐观和不情愿的视角来看待这些问题，从而提出了一些关于接受可能很快成为现实的建议。
通过 PubMed、MEDLINE、Plus、Scopus 和 Web of Science（2015-2022 年）进行了文献检索，使用了包括“人类基因组或基因编辑加伦理”在内的关键词组合进行检索。
基因治疗被研究人员视为解决先天性疾病、一般多因素疾病或特定疾病（如囊性纤维化、肌肉营养不良症或增加对 HIV 感染的抵抗力）的一种方法。基因组编辑技术、种系基因编辑、成簇规律间隔短回文重复基因编辑技术、锌指核酸酶等技术不仅是需要解决技术问题的先进基因治疗方法，也是需要对伦理问题进行复杂而完整分析的技术。基因工程引发了许多伦理问题，例如：安全性问题，特别是脱靶效应的风险；个体的自主性——限制了后代对其基因组干预的同意；社会正义——考虑到程序的成本及其在普通民众中的可及性。讨论可以从“我们如何做到这一点？”这样的问题进一步延伸到“我们是否应该这样做？”或“社会是否准备接受这项技术，是否有能力合理管理它？”
生物医学研究的伦理学应该基于全球对话，专家和公众的参与，以实现广泛的社会共识。对遗传学伦理的基本审查是当前时期的一种愿望和机会。
