UBE2E2 enhances Snail-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and Nrf2-mediated antioxidant activity in ovarian cancer.

Dissemination of ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells can lead to inoperable metastatic lesions in the bowel and omentum, which have a poor prognosis despite surgical and chemotherapeutical options. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying metastasis is urgently needed. In this study, bioinformatics analyses revealed that UBE2E2, a less-studied ubiquitin (Ub)-conjugating enzyme (E2), was upregulated in OvCa and was associated with poor prognosis. Subsequently, we performed western blot analysis and IHC staining with 88 OvCa and 26 normal ovarian tissue samples, which further confirmed that UBE2E2 protein is highly expressed in OvCa tissue but weakly expressed in normal tissue. Furthermore, the silencing of UBE2E2 blocked OvCa cell migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in vitro, whereas UBE2E2 overexpression exerted the opposite effects. Mechanistically, UBE2E2 promoted p62 accumulation and increased the activity of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) system, which ultimately activated the Snail signaling pathway by inhibiting the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Snail. Additionally, co-IP and immunofluorescence demonstrated that a direct interaction exists between UBE2E2 and Nrf2, and the N-terminal of UBE2E2 (residues 1-52) is required and sufficient for its interaction with Nrf2 protein. Mutations in the active site cysteine (Cys139) impaired both the function and cellular distribution of UBE2E2. More importantly, the deletion of UBE2E2 reduced tumorigenicity and metastasis in xenograft OvCa mouse models. Taken together, our findings reveal the role of the UBE2E2-Nrf2-p62-Snail signaling axis in OvCa and thus provides novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of OvCa metastasis.