Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil.
Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2728. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032728.
The present study examined gender differences in health, physical activity, physical fitness, real and perceived motor competence, and executive function indicators in three time points, and analyzed the dynamic and non-linear association between health, biological, behavioral, and cognitive variables in children followed over time. A total of 67 children (aged between six and 10 years) were followed during two years and split into two cohorts (six to eight years old: C1; eight to 10 years old: C2). Data regarding health, physical activity, real and perceived motor competence, physical fitness, and executive function indicators were obtained according to their respective protocols. Comparison tests and network analysis were estimated. Significant gender differences were found in both cohorts. The emerged networks indicated different topologies in both cohorts. No clusters were observed between the variables in C1, and there was a greater number of interactions at eight years of age. Sparse networks were observed in children aged eight and 10 years in C2, and greater connectivity was observed at nine years of age between health, physical fitness, motor competence, and physical activity indicators. This study showed that there are non-linear dynamic relationships between health, biological, behavioral, and cognitive variables over time during child development.
本研究在三个时间点考察了健康、身体活动、身体适应能力、真实和感知运动能力以及执行功能指标方面的性别差异，并分析了在儿童随时间随访过程中健康、生物、行为和认知变量之间的动态和非线性关联。共有 67 名儿童（年龄在 6 至 10 岁之间）在两年内被随访，并分为两个队列（6 至 8 岁：C1；8 至 10 岁：C2）。根据各自的方案获得了关于健康、身体活动、真实和感知运动能力、身体适应能力以及执行功能指标的数据。进行了比较测试和网络分析。在两个队列中均发现了显著的性别差异。出现的网络表明两个队列的拓扑结构不同。在 C1 中，变量之间没有观察到聚类，并且在 8 岁时观察到更多的相互作用。在 C2 中，8 至 10 岁的儿童观察到稀疏网络，并且在 9 岁时，健康、身体适应能力、运动能力和身体活动指标之间的连接性更强。这项研究表明，在儿童发育过程中，健康、生物、行为和认知变量之间存在随时间变化的非线性动态关系。
