Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048, USA.
BMC Pediatr. 2021 Oct 11;21(1):444. doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02912-9.
Evidence supports an inverse relationship between weight status and motor competence, but most work utilizes body mass index as the proxy for weight status. Body mass index fails to account for essential components of body composition, which may be critical for motor performance. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between fundamental motor skills competency and body composition (i.e., fat mass, fat percentage, and fatfree mass) as measured by bio-electrical impedance analysis and body mass index in children.
Two hundred forty-four children from the Southeastern portion of the United States participated in this project (6.05 ± 2.01 years, 53.3% male). Fundamental motor skills were measured using the Test of Gross Motor Development - 2nd edition and body composition was assessed with the Tanita SC-331S Body Composition Analyzer (bio-electrical impedance analysis). Body mass index was calculated using CDC normative growth charts.
Bio-electrical impedance analysis measures accounted for 23.1%, F(3, 241) = 24.10, p < .001 and 2.7%, F(3, 241) = 2.22, p = .086 variance in locomotor and object control subscales, respectively; body mass index accounted for 8.4% (locomotor) and 0.1% (object control) variance. For the Test of Gross Motor Development -2nd edition total score, bio-electrical impedance analysis measures accounted for 24.4% F(3, 241) = 25.90, p < .001 compared to body mass index which accounted for 7.9% F(1, 244) = 20.86, p < .001 of the variance. Only fat free mass (p < .001) was a significant predictor for locomotor skills and total models for the Test of Gross Motor Development - 2nd edition; BMI was also a significant predictor (p < .001) in both the locomotor and total models.
Different components of body composition (i.e., fat free mass) were associated with different aspects of fundamental motor skills competency. Excess body fat may be a morphological constraint to proficient locomotor performance when transporting the body through space. In contrast, body composition did not significantly predict object manipulation performance. More work is needed to understand the causality and directionality of this relationship; however, bio-electrical impedance analysis accounts for more variance in fundamental motor skills performance than body mass index in a field-based setting.
有证据表明体重状况与运动能力呈负相关，但大多数研究都使用身体质量指数（BMI）作为体重状况的替代指标。BMI 并未考虑到身体成分的重要组成部分，而这些组成部分可能对运动表现至关重要。本研究旨在探讨儿童基本运动技能能力与身体成分（即体脂肪量、体脂百分比和去脂体重）之间的关系，这些身体成分是通过生物电阻抗分析和 BMI 来测量的。
本研究共有来自美国东南部的 244 名儿童参与（6.05±2.01 岁，53.3%为男性）。基本运动技能使用《儿童运动发育测试-第二版》进行测量，身体成分使用 Tanita SC-331S 身体成分分析仪（生物电阻抗分析）进行评估。BMI 通过 CDC 生长图表进行计算。
生物电阻抗分析测量值分别解释了运动和物体控制分量表 23.1%（F(3, 241)=24.10，p<.001）和 2.7%（F(3, 241)=2.22，p=.086）的方差；BMI 分别解释了 8.4%（运动）和 0.1%（物体控制）的方差。对于《儿童运动发育测试-第二版》的总分，生物电阻抗分析测量值解释了 24.4%（F(3, 241)=25.90，p<.001）的方差，而 BMI 仅解释了 7.9%（F(1, 244)=20.86，p<.001）的方差。只有去脂体重（p<.001）是运动技能和《儿童运动发育测试-第二版》总模型的显著预测因子；BMI 也是运动和总模型的显著预测因子（p<.001）。
身体成分的不同成分（即去脂体重）与基本运动技能能力的不同方面相关。当身体在空间中移动时，过多的体脂肪可能是熟练运动表现的形态限制因素。相比之下，身体成分并没有显著预测物体操作表现。需要进一步研究来了解这种关系的因果关系和方向性；然而，在基于现场的环境中，生物电阻抗分析比 BMI 更能解释基本运动技能表现的差异。
