Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia.
Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 19;24(3):1980. doi: 10.3390/ijms24031980.
Micro ribonucleic acids (microRNAs or miRNAs) form a distinct subtype of non-coding RNA and are widely recognized as one of the most significant gene expression regulators in mammalian cells. Mechanistically, the regulation occurs through microRNA binding with its response elements in the 3'-untranslated region of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), resulting in the post-transcriptional silencing of genes, expressing target mRNAs. Compared to small interfering RNAs, microRNAs have more complex regulatory patterns, making them suitable for fine-tuning gene expressions in different tissues. Dysregulation of microRNAs is well known as one of the causative factors in malignant cell growth. Today, there are numerous data points regarding microRNAs in different cancer transcriptomes, the specificity of microRNA expression changes in various tissues, and the predictive value of specific microRNAs as cancer biomarkers. Breast cancer (BCa) is the most common cancer in women worldwide and seriously impairs patients' physical health. Its incidence has been predicted to rise further. Mounting evidence indicates that microRNAs play key roles in tumorigenesis and development. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men. Different microRNAs play an important role in PCa. Early diagnosis of BCa and PCa using microRNAs is very useful for improving individual outcomes in the framework of predictive, preventive, and personalized (3P) medicine, thereby reducing the economic burden. This article reviews the roles of different types of microRNA in BCa and PCa progression.
微小核糖核酸 (microRNAs 或 miRNAs) 是一种独特的非编码 RNA 亚型，被广泛认为是哺乳动物细胞中最重要的基因表达调控因子之一。从机制上讲，这种调节是通过 microRNA 与其靶信使 RNA（mRNA）3'-非翻译区中的反应元件结合而发生的，导致基因的转录后沉默，表达靶 mRNA。与小干扰 RNA 相比，microRNAs 具有更复杂的调节模式，使其适合在不同组织中微调基因表达。microRNAs 的失调是恶性细胞生长的一个已知原因。如今，不同癌症转录组中有大量关于 microRNAs 的数据点，各种组织中 microRNA 表达变化的特异性，以及特定 microRNAs 作为癌症生物标志物的预测价值。乳腺癌 (BCa) 是全世界女性中最常见的癌症，严重损害了患者的身体健康。预计其发病率还会进一步上升。越来越多的证据表明，microRNAs 在肿瘤发生和发展中发挥着关键作用。前列腺癌 (PCa) 是男性最常见的癌症之一。不同的 microRNAs 在 PCa 中发挥着重要作用。使用 microRNAs 早期诊断 BCa 和 PCa 对于改善预测、预防和个体化 (3P) 医学框架下的个体预后非常有用，从而降低经济负担。本文综述了不同类型的 microRNA 在 BCa 和 PCa 进展中的作用。
