Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
Molecules. 2023 Feb 1;28(3):1371. doi: 10.3390/molecules28031371.
Water contaminated with heavy metals constitutes an important threat. This threat is a real problem with a negative impact in some developing countries where untreated industrial effluents are used for irrigation. The present study examines heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated vegetables (apple gourd, spinach, cauliflower, sponge gourd, and coriander) water, and soil from Chenab Nagar, Chiniot, Pakistan. In particular, the metals quantified were cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and manganese (Mn). Among them, Cr and Co in crops irrigated -wastewater exceeded the levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In contrast, Ni, Cu, Pb, and Mn concentrations were in line with WHO standards. Compared with the limits established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), all the study vegetables presented higher (thus unsafe) concentrations of Cd (0.38 to 1.205 mg/Kg). There were also unsafe concentrations of Cr in coriander, sponge gourd, and cauliflower. Pb was found at an unsafe concentration (0.59 mg/Kg) in cauliflower. Conversely, Ni and Mn concentrations were below the maximum permissible limits by WHO, and FAO in all of the analyzed samples. The contamination load index (CLI) in soil, bioconcentration factor (BCF) in plants, daily intake of metals (DIM), and health risk index (HRI) have also been evaluated to estimate the potential risk to human health in that area. We have found an important risk of transitions of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Co from water/soil to the edible part of the plant. The highest HRI value associated with Cd (6.10-13.85) followed by Cr (1.25-7.67) for all vegetable samples presented them as high health risk metal contaminants. If the issue is not addressed, consumption of wastewater-irrigated vegetables will continue posing a health risk.
受重金属污染的水构成了一个重要的威胁。在一些发展中国家,未经处理的工业废水被用于灌溉,这种威胁是一个现实存在的问题,会产生负面影响。本研究调查了巴基斯坦奇诺伊特的 Chenab Nagar 地区,受污水灌溉的蔬菜(南瓜、菠菜、花椰菜、丝瓜和香菜)、水和土壤中的重金属。具体来说,定量的金属包括镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)和锰(Mn)。其中,受污水灌溉的作物中的 Cr 和 Co 超过了世界卫生组织(WHO)建议的水平。相比之下,Ni、Cu、Pb 和 Mn 的浓度符合 WHO 标准。与联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)设定的限量相比,所有研究的蔬菜中 Cd 的浓度都更高(因此不安全)(0.38 至 1.205 毫克/公斤)。香菜、丝瓜和花椰菜中的 Cr 也存在不安全浓度。在花椰菜中发现 Pb 的浓度不安全(0.59 毫克/公斤)。相反,Ni 和 Mn 的浓度在所有分析样本中均低于 WHO 和 FAO 的最大允许限量。土壤的污染负荷指数(CLI)、植物的生物浓缩系数(BCF)、金属的日摄入量(DIM)和健康风险指数(HRI)也进行了评估,以估计该地区人类健康面临的潜在风险。我们发现 Pb、Cd、Cr 和 Co 从水/土壤向植物可食用部分转移的风险很大。对于所有蔬菜样本,与 Cd(6.10-13.85)相关的 HRI 值最高,其次是 Cr(1.25-7.67),表明它们是高健康风险的金属污染物。如果这个问题得不到解决,继续食用污水灌溉的蔬菜将继续对健康构成威胁。
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