Evolution of bitter receptor genes and ontogenetic dietary shift in a frog.

Vertebrate Tas2r taste receptors detect bitter compounds that are potentially poisonous. Previous studies found substantial variation in the number of genes across vertebrates, with some frog species carrying the largest number. Peculiar among vertebrates, frogs undergo metamorphosis, often associated with a dietary shift between tadpoles and adults. A possible explanation for the large size of frog families could be that distinct sets of genes are required for tadpoles and adults, suggesting differential expression of genes between tadpoles and adults. To test this hypothesis, we first examined 20 amphibian genomes and found that amphibians generally possess more genes than do other vertebrate clades. We next focused on the American bullfrog () to examine the expression of its genes in herbivorous tadpoles and insectivorous adult frogs. We report that close to one fifth of its 180 genes are differentially expressed (22 genes enriched in adults and 11 in tadpoles). Tuning properties were determined for a subset of differentially expressed genes by a cell-based functional assay, with the adult-enriched gene set covering a larger range of ligands compared to the tadpole-enriched subset. These results suggest a role of genes in the ontogenetic dietary shift of frogs and potentially initiate a new avenue of ontogenetic analysis of diet-related genes in the animal kingdom.