Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 30;14:1104423. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1104423. eCollection 2023.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still one of the major global health issues, and despite significant efforts that have been put into studying the pathogenesis of HIV infection, several aspects need to be clarified, including how innate immunity acts in different anatomical compartments. Given the nature of HIV as a sexually transmitted disease, one of the aspects that demands particular attention is the mucosal innate immune response. Given this scenario, we focused our attention on the interplay between HIV and mucosal innate response: the different mucosae act as a physical barrier, whose integrity can be compromised by the infection, and the virus-cell interaction induces the innate immune response. In addition, we explored the role of the mucosal microbiota in facilitating or preventing HIV infection and highlighted how its changes could influence the development of several opportunistic infections. Although recent progress, a proper characterization of mucosal innate immune response and microbiota is still missing, and further studies are needed to understand how they can be helpful for the formulation of an effective vaccine.
人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）仍然是全球主要的健康问题之一，尽管已经投入了大量的研究来研究 HIV 感染的发病机制，但仍有几个方面需要阐明，包括先天免疫在不同解剖部位中的作用。鉴于 HIV 是一种性传播疾病的性质，需要特别关注的一个方面是黏膜先天免疫反应。鉴于这种情况，我们将注意力集中在 HIV 与黏膜先天反应之间的相互作用上：不同的黏膜充当物理屏障，其完整性可能因感染而受到损害，而病毒-细胞相互作用则诱导先天免疫反应。此外，我们还探讨了黏膜微生物组在促进或预防 HIV 感染中的作用，并强调了其变化如何影响几种机会性感染的发展。尽管最近取得了进展，但对黏膜先天免疫反应和微生物组的适当表征仍然缺失，需要进一步的研究来了解它们如何有助于制定有效的疫苗。
