Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders and Ageing Research Group, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Research, Teaching, and Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
J Affect Disord. 2023 May 1;328:72-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.042. Epub 2023 Feb 16.
Data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic suggest an increase in major depressive disorder (MDD) among younger adults. The current study aims to assess the association of age groups and MDD risk before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and quantify the effect of potential mediating variables such as loneliness, social support, resilience, and socioeconomic factors.
A representative sample of Spanish adults was interviewed before (2019, N = 1880) and during (2020, N = 1103) the COVID-19 pandemic. MDD was assessed using the CIDI, loneliness through the UCLA scale, social support through the OSSS-3, resilience with the 6-BRS, and worsened economic circumstances and unemployment through a single question. Mixed-models were used to study changes in MDD by age group. Regression models were constructed to quantify the association between age and potential mediators, as well as their mediating effect on the association between age group and MDD.
Among the younger age cohorts (18-29 and 30-44 years) the probability of having MDD during the pandemic increased from 0.04 (95 % CI: 0.002-0.09) to 0.25 (0.12-0.39) and from 0.02 (-0.001-0.03) to 0.11 (0.04-0.17), respectively. Some 36.6 % of the association between age and risk of MDD during the pandemic was explained by loneliness (12.0 %), low resilience (10.7 %), and worsened economic situation (13.9 %).
Reliance on self-report data and generalizability of the findings limited to the Spanish population.
Strategies to decrease the impact of a pandemic on depressive symptoms among young adults should address loneliness, provide tools to improve resilience, and enjoy improved financial support.
COVID-19 大流行期间收集的数据表明，年轻人中重度抑郁症（MDD）的发病率有所增加。本研究旨在评估大流行前和大流行期间年龄组与 MDD 风险的相关性，并量化孤独感、社会支持、韧性和社会经济因素等潜在中介变量的影响。
在 COVID-19 大流行之前（2019 年，N=1880）和期间（2020 年，N=1103）对西班牙成年人进行了代表性的访谈。使用 CIDI 评估 MDD，使用 UCLA 量表评估孤独感，使用 OSSS-3 评估社会支持，使用 6-BRS 评估韧性，使用一个问题评估经济状况恶化和失业情况。采用混合模型研究按年龄组划分的 MDD 变化。构建回归模型来量化年龄与潜在中介变量之间的关系，以及它们对年龄组与 MDD 之间关系的中介作用。
在年轻的年龄组（18-29 岁和 30-44 岁）中，大流行期间患 MDD 的概率从 0.04（95%CI：0.002-0.09）增加到 0.25（0.12-0.39）和从 0.02（-0.001-0.03）增加到 0.11（0.04-0.17）。大流行期间年龄与 MDD 风险之间的相关性有 36.6%可以用孤独感（12.0%）、低韧性（10.7%）和经济状况恶化（13.9%）来解释。
依赖于自我报告数据和研究结果的普遍性仅限于西班牙人口。
减少大流行对年轻成年人抑郁症状影响的策略应该解决孤独感，提供提高韧性的工具，并享受更好的经济支持。
