Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
J Anim Sci. 2023 Jan 3;101. doi: 10.1093/jas/skad057.
Given the dynamic market for protein-based ingredients in the pet food industry, demand continues to increase for both plant- and animal-based options. Protein sources contain different amino acid (AA) profiles and vary in digestibility, affecting protein quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of canine diets differing in protein source and test their effects on serum metabolites and fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs consuming them. Four extruded diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and meet the nutrient needs for adult dogs at maintenance, with the primary difference being protein source: 1) fresh deboned, dried, and spray-dried chicken (DC), 2) chicken by-product meal (CBPM), 3) wheat gluten meal (WGM), and 4) corn gluten meal (CGM). Twelve adult spayed female beagles (body weight [BW] = 9.9 ± 1.0 kg; age = 6.3 ± 1.1 yr) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (n = 12/treatment). Each period consisted of a 22-d adaptation phase, 5 d for fecal collection, and 1 d for blood collection. Fecal microbiota data were analyzed using QIIME 2.2020.8. All other data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS version 9.4. Fecal scores were higher (P < 0.05; looser stools) in dogs fed DC or CBPM than those fed WGM or CGM, but all remained within an appropriate range. Dry matter ATTD was lower (P < 0.05) in dogs fed CBPM or CGM than those fed DC or WGM. Crude protein ATTD was lower (P < 0.05) in dogs fed DC or CGM than those fed WGM. Dogs fed CBPM had lower (P < 0.05) organic matter, crude protein, and energy ATTD than those fed the other diets. Fecal indole was higher (P < 0.05) in dogs fed CBPM than those fed WGM. Fecal short-chain fatty acids were higher (P < 0.05) in dogs fed DC than those fed CGM. Fecal branched-chain fatty acids were higher (P < 0.05) in dogs fed DC or CBPM than those fed WGM. Fecal ammonia was higher (P < 0.05) in dogs fed DC or CBPM than those fed WGM or CGM. The relative abundances of three bacterial phyla and nine bacterial genera were shifted among treatment groups (P < 0.05). Considering AA profiles and digestibility data, the DC diet protein sources provided the highest quality protein without additional AA supplementation, but the animal-based protein diets resulted in higher fecal proteolytic metabolites. Further studies evaluating moderate dietary protein concentrations are needed to better compare plant- and animal-based protein sources.
鉴于宠物食品行业中蛋白质成分的动态市场，对植物性和动物性蛋白质的需求持续增加。蛋白质来源含有不同的氨基酸（AA）谱，并且在消化率方面存在差异，从而影响蛋白质质量。本研究的目的是评估不同蛋白质来源的犬用日粮的表观全肠道消化率（ATTD），并测试它们对食用这些日粮的健康成年犬的血清代谢物和粪便特征、代谢物和微生物群的影响。四种膨化日粮的配方均为等氮且满足成年犬维持所需的营养需求，主要区别在于蛋白质来源：1）新鲜去骨、干燥和喷雾干燥的鸡肉（DC），2）鸡肉副产品粉（CBPM），3）小麦面筋粉（WGM）和 4）玉米面筋粉（CGM）。12 只成年去势雌性比格犬（体重[BW] = 9.9 ± 1.0 kg；年龄= 6.3 ± 1.1 岁）按复制 4×4 拉丁方设计（n = 12/处理）使用。每个时期包括 22 天的适应期、5 天的粪便收集期和 1 天的血液收集期。使用 QIIME 2.2020.8 分析粪便微生物数据。使用 SAS 版本 9.4 的混合模型程序分析所有其他数据。与 WGM 或 CGM 相比，饲喂 DC 或 CBPM 的犬的粪便评分更高（P < 0.05；粪便更稀），但均处于适当范围内。与饲喂 DC 或 WGM 的犬相比，饲喂 CBPM 或 CGM 的犬的干物质 ATTD 较低（P < 0.05）。与饲喂 WGM 的犬相比，饲喂 DC 或 CGM 的犬的粗蛋白 ATTD 较低（P < 0.05）。与饲喂其他日粮的犬相比，饲喂 CBPM 的犬的有机物、粗蛋白和能量 ATTD 较低（P < 0.05）。与饲喂 WGM 的犬相比，饲喂 CBPM 的犬的粪便吲哚含量较高（P < 0.05）。与饲喂 CGM 的犬相比，饲喂 DC 的犬的粪便短链脂肪酸含量较高（P < 0.05）。与饲喂 WGM 的犬相比，饲喂 DC 或 CBPM 的犬的粪便支链脂肪酸含量较高（P < 0.05）。与饲喂 WGM 或 CGM 的犬相比，饲喂 DC 或 CBPM 的犬的粪便氨含量较高（P < 0.05）。在处理组之间（P < 0.05），三个细菌门和九个细菌属的相对丰度发生了变化。考虑到 AA 谱和消化率数据，DC 日粮的蛋白质来源提供了最高质量的蛋白质，无需额外添加 AA，但动物蛋白日粮导致粪便蛋白水解代谢物增加。需要进一步研究中等膳食蛋白质浓度，以更好地比较植物性和动物性蛋白质来源。
