Rachmawati Emma, Nurmansyah Mochamad Iqbal, Suraya Izza, Listiowati Ekorini, Kurniawan Deni W, Ahsan Abdillah
Department of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Department of Public Health, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Tob Induc Dis. 2023 Feb 17;21:27. doi: 10.18332/tid/159622. eCollection 2023.
Indonesia is ranked fourth among countries with the highest smoking rates and has the highest number of male smokers globally. This study aimed to assess the association between cigarette smoking patterns and the severity of COVID-19 among patients in 15 Indonesian hospitals.
A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to August 2020 using medical records of 490 COVID-19 patients, including the history of their smoking patterns from 15 private referral hospitals in 5 provinces. The severity was defined based on the Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 issued by the Indonesian Ministry of Health, which was indicated by the care provided to patients, namely outpatient, inpatient, and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) services for mild, moderate, and severe symptoms. Smoking patterns were grouped based on adult tobacco use classifications of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed.
The results showed that 69.8% of respondents had not smoked cigarettes, 17.1% were active smokers, and 13.1% were former smokers. A significant difference was seen in the number of cigarettes smoked by patients in the ICU, inpatients, and outpatients, among current smokers and passive smokers (p=0.018 and p=0.005, respectively). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the severity of COVID-19 among current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers. The time from when smoking was stopped among former smokers was not associated with the severity of COVID-19.
There was no significant difference in COVID-19 severity between groups of smokers. Passive smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers daily were associated with the severity of COVID-19. Smoke-free policies should be implemented continuously to protect people from the dangers of secondhand smoke.
印度尼西亚在吸烟率最高的国家中排名第四，且全球男性吸烟人数最多。本研究旨在评估印度尼西亚15家医院患者的吸烟模式与新冠肺炎严重程度之间的关联。
2020年4月至8月进行了一项横断面研究，使用了490例新冠肺炎患者的病历，包括来自5个省份15家私立转诊医院的吸烟模式病史。严重程度根据印度尼西亚卫生部发布的《新冠肺炎预防与控制指南》来定义，通过为患者提供的护理来体现，即针对轻症、中症和重症症状的门诊、住院和重症监护病房（ICU）服务。吸烟模式根据疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）的成人烟草使用分类进行分组。进行了单变量和双变量分析。
结果显示，69.8%的受访者不吸烟，17.1%为当前吸烟者，13.1%为既往吸烟者。在ICU患者、住院患者和门诊患者中，当前吸烟者和被动吸烟者的吸烟量存在显著差异（分别为p=0.018和p=0.005）。此外，当前吸烟者、既往吸烟者和非吸烟者之间的新冠肺炎严重程度没有显著差异。既往吸烟者戒烟的时间与新冠肺炎的严重程度无关。
吸烟者群体之间的新冠肺炎严重程度没有显著差异。被动吸烟和吸烟者每日吸烟量与新冠肺炎严重程度相关。应持续实施无烟政策，以保护人们免受二手烟危害。
