Ding Lu, Liu Yingjie, Wei Xiaofeng, Geng Chuanye, Liu Wenzhi, Han Lin, Yuan Fangying, Wang Peng, Sun Yanchun
Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China.
Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
Metabolites. 2023 Jan 20;13(2):159. doi: 10.3390/metabo13020159.
The salinization of the water environment caused by human activities and global warming has increased which has brought great survival challenges to aquatic animals. Crucian carp () is an essential freshwater economic fish with superior adaptability to saline-alkali water. However, the physiological regulation mechanism of crucian carp adapting to saline-alkali stress remains still unclear. In this study, crucian carp were exposed to freshwater or 20, 40, and 60 mmol/L NaHCO water environments for 30 days, the effects of saline-alkali stress on the kidney were evaluated by histopathology, biochemical assays and metabolomics analysis from renal function, antioxidant capacity and metabolites level. Our results showed different degrees of kidney damage at different exposure concentrations, which were characterized by glomerular atrophy and swelling, renal tubular degranulation, obstruction and degeneration, renal interstitial edema, renal cell proliferation and necrosis. Saline-alkali stress could change the levels of several physiological parameters with renal function and antioxidant capacity, including creatinine (CREA), urea nitrogen (BUN), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, metabolomics analysis showed that differential metabolites (DMs) were involved in various metabolic pathways, including phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, purine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the TCA cycle. In general, our study revealed that saline-alkaline stress could cause significant changes in renal function and metabolic profiles, and induce severe damage in the crucian carp kidney through destroying the anti-oxidant system and energy homeostasis, inhibiting protein and amino acid catabolism, as well as disordering purine metabolism and lipid metabolism. This study could contribute to a deeper understanding the adverse effects of saline-alkali stress on crucian carp kidney and the regulatory mechanism in the crucian carp of saline-alkali adaptation at the metabolic level.
人类活动和全球变暖导致的水环境盐碱化加剧，给水生动物带来了巨大的生存挑战。鲫鱼（）是一种重要的淡水经济鱼类，对盐碱水具有较强的适应性。然而，鲫鱼适应盐碱胁迫的生理调节机制仍不清楚。本研究将鲫鱼暴露于淡水或20、40和60 mmol/L NaHCO 水环境中30天，通过组织病理学、生化分析和代谢组学分析，从肾功能、抗氧化能力和代谢物水平评估盐碱胁迫对肾脏的影响。我们的结果表明，在不同暴露浓度下，肾脏出现了不同程度的损伤，其特征为肾小球萎缩和肿胀、肾小管脱颗粒、阻塞和变性、肾间质水肿、肾细胞增殖和坏死。盐碱胁迫可改变肾功能和抗氧化能力的几个生理参数水平，包括肌酐（CREA）、尿素氮（BUN）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和丙二醛（MDA）。此外，代谢组学分析表明，差异代谢物（DMs）参与了各种代谢途径，包括苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成、氨酰-tRNA生物合成、嘌呤代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、鞘脂代谢、糖酵解/糖异生和三羧酸循环。总的来说，我们的研究表明，盐碱胁迫可导致肾功能和代谢谱发生显著变化，并通过破坏抗氧化系统和能量稳态、抑制蛋白质和氨基酸分解代谢以及扰乱嘌呤代谢和脂质代谢，对鲫鱼肾脏造成严重损伤。本研究有助于更深入地了解盐碱胁迫对鲫鱼肾脏的不利影响以及鲫鱼在代谢水平上适应盐碱的调节机制。
