Adaptive Responses of Large Yellow Croaker to Ocean Acidification: Integrative Analysis of Gill and Kidney Transcriptomics and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities.

Anthropogenic acidification is a long-term challenge to marine ecosystems. Though coastal acidification is intensifying, the large yellow croaker () exhibits good adaptability to pH fluctuations, the underlying mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. This study investigated the morphology, antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression of under varying acidification conditions (pH 8.1 (H group), 7.8 (M group), and 7.4 (L group)). Water pH fluctuations were also monitored to explore the physiological responses and potential adaptive molecular mechanisms of under various acidified environments. The results indicated that the water pH decreased in the H group, significantly increased in the L group ( < 0.05), and remained stable in the M group during the experiment. The lowest MDA content and the highest antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GSH-Px) were observed in at pH 7.8, suggesting pH 7.8 was optimal for . Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns between the gills and kidneys under acidification stress. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the gills were primarily observed between the M and L groups (62.3%), whereas in the kidneys, the majority of DEGs were observed between the M and H groups (43.2%). These findings suggested that the gills play a critical role in adapting to low pH in , while the kidneys were more responsive to high pH. Enrichment analysis identified critical pathways, including vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, mineral reabsorption, and aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, which are associated with water and ion metabolism. These pathways play a pivotal role in the acid-base homeostasis and metabolism of . These results provide insights into the adaptive mechanisms of to acidified environments, with implications for aquaculture management and future ocean acidification adaptation.