Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
Unit of Data Sciences and Technology Innovation for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology, Saverio de Bellis, Research Hospital, 70013 Bari, Italy.
Nutrients. 2023 Feb 16;15(4):1004. doi: 10.3390/nu15041004.
The thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones, and iodine deficiency results in the inadequate production of thyroxine and related thyroid, metabolic, developmental, and reproductive disorders. Iodine requirements are higher in infants, children, and during pregnancy and lactation than in adult men and non-pregnant women. Iodine is available in a wide range of foods and water and is susceptible to almost complete gastric and duodenal absorption as an iodide ion. A healthy diet usually provides a daily iodine consumption not exceeding 50% of the recommended intake. Iodine supplementation is usually necessary to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), especially in endemic areas. The community-based strategy of iodine fortification in salt has eradicated IDDs, such as endemic goiter and cretinism, in countries providing adequate measures of iodine prophylaxis over several decades in the 20th century. Iodized salt is the cornerstone of iodine prophylaxis in endemic areas, and the continuous monitoring of community iodine intake and its related clinical outcomes is essential. Despite the relevant improvement in clinical outcomes, subclinical iodine deficiency persists even in Western Europe, especially among girls and women, being an issue in certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy and lactation, and in people consuming unbalanced vegetable-based or salt-restricted diets. Detailed strategies to implement iodine intake (supplementation) could be considered for specific population groups when iodized salt alone is insufficient to provide adequate requirements.
甲状腺需要碘来合成甲状腺激素，碘缺乏会导致甲状腺素和相关的甲状腺、代谢、发育和生殖障碍的产生不足。与成年男性和非孕妇相比，婴儿、儿童和怀孕及哺乳期对碘的需求更高。碘存在于各种食物和水中，并且作为碘化物离子几乎可以完全被胃和十二指肠吸收。健康的饮食通常提供不超过推荐摄入量 50%的日常碘摄入量。为了预防碘缺乏症（IDD），通常需要进行碘补充，尤其是在碘缺乏地区。在 20 世纪的几十年中，在提供了充足碘预防措施的国家，以盐为基础的社区碘强化策略根除了地方性甲状腺肿和克汀病等 IDD。碘化盐是碘缺乏症预防的基石，必须持续监测社区的碘摄入量及其相关临床结果。尽管在临床结果方面有了相关的改善，但即使在西欧，亚临床碘缺乏症仍然存在，尤其是在女孩和妇女中，在某些生理条件下（如怀孕和哺乳）以及在食用不均衡的素食或低盐饮食的人群中尤为突出。当单独使用碘化盐不足以提供足够的需求时，可以考虑为特定人群组实施碘摄入量（补充）的详细策略。
