Almudhi Abdulaziz, Gabr Sami A
Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Speech Language Pathology Unit, King Khalid University, Abha 61481, Saudi Arabia.
Saudi J Biol Sci. 2023 Mar;30(3):103580. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103580. Epub 2023 Feb 1.
In this study, we amid to evaluate the correlation between the change in the expressed levels of anti-GAD antibodies titers, oxidative stress markers, cytokines markers, and cognitive capacity in adolescents with mild stuttering. Eighty participants (60 male/20 female) with the age range of 10-18 years with moderate stutteringparticipated in this study. To assess the stuttering and cognitive function, stutteringseverity instrument (SSI-4; 4th edit.)and the LOTCA-7 scores assessment were applied respectively in all subjects. In addition, serum GAD antibodies, cytokines like TNF-α, CRP,and IL-6 withtotal antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide as oxidative stress markers were estimated using calorimetry and immunoassay techniques.The results showed that good cognitive capacity was reported in about 56.25 % of the study population (n = 45) with a 117.52 ± 6.3 mean LOTCA-7 score. However, abnormal cognitive function was identified in 43.75 % of the study population (n = 35); they were categorized into moderate (score 62-92, n = 35), and poor (score 31-62; n = 10). There were significant associations between cognitive capacity reported and all biomarkers. The expression of GAD antibodies is significantly associated with the degree of cognitive capacity among students with stuttering. Significant association with the reduction (P = 0.01) in LOTCA-7 score domains, particularly orientation, thinking operations, attention, and concentration among students with variable cognitive capacity compared to controls. In addition, the expressed higher GAD antibodies in students with moderate and poor cognitive capacity showed to be significantly correlated with both elevated concentrations of cytokines; TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6, and the reduction of TAC and nitric oxide (NO) respectively. This study concludes that abnormality of cognitive capacity showed to be associated with higher expression of GAD antibodies, cytokines, and oxidative stress in school students with moderate stuttering.
在本研究中，我们旨在评估轻度口吃青少年中抗谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD）抗体滴度表达水平变化、氧化应激标志物、细胞因子标志物与认知能力之间的相关性。80名年龄在10至18岁之间的中度口吃参与者（60名男性/20名女性）参与了本研究。为评估口吃和认知功能，分别对所有受试者应用口吃严重程度量表（SSI - 4；第4版）和洛文斯顿作业疗法认知评定成套测验（LOTCA - 7）评分评估。此外，使用量热法和免疫测定技术估计血清GAD抗体、细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）和白细胞介素-6（IL - 6）以及作为氧化应激标志物的总抗氧化能力和一氧化氮。结果显示，约56.25%的研究人群（n = 45）认知能力良好，平均LOTCA - 7评分为117.52±6.3。然而，43.75%的研究人群（n = 35）被确定存在认知功能异常；他们被分为中度（评分62 - 92，n = 35）和重度（评分31 - 62；n = 10）。报告的认知能力与所有生物标志物之间存在显著关联。口吃学生中GAD抗体的表达与认知能力程度显著相关。与对照组相比，认知能力可变的学生中LOTCA - 7评分领域的降低（P = 0.01）具有显著相关性，特别是在定向、思维操作、注意力和集中力方面。此外，认知能力中度和重度的学生中表达较高的GAD抗体分别与细胞因子浓度升高（TNF-α、CRP和IL - 6）以及总抗氧化能力（TAC）和一氧化氮（NO）的降低显著相关。本研究得出结论，中度口吃的在校学生认知能力异常与GAD抗体、细胞因子和氧化应激的较高表达有关。
