The association between hormonal contraceptive use and smoking, negative affect, and cessation attempts in college females.

Exogenous and endogenous female hormones influence nicotine use and cessation, potentially through mechanisms such as anxiety and negative affect. In the present study, college females using all types of hormonal contraceptives (HC) were compared to those not using HC to determine the potential influence on current smoking, negative affect, and current and past cessation attempts. Differences between progestin-only and combination HC were also examined. Of the 1,431 participants, 53.2% ( = 761) reported current HC use, and 12.3% ( = 176) of participants endorsed current smoking. Women currently using HC were significantly more likely to smoke (13.5%;  = 103) compared to women not using HC (10.9%;  = 73),  = .04. There was a significant main effect of HC use being associated with lower anxiety levels ( = .005), as well as a significant HC use by smoking status interaction, such that women who smoke using HC reported the lowest levels of anxiety among participants ( = .01). Participants using HC were more likely to be making a current attempt to quit smoking than those not using HC ( = .04) and were more likely to have made past quit attempts ( = .04). No significant differences were observed across women using progestin-only, combined estrogen and progestin, and women not using HC. These findings provide evidence that exogenous hormones may be an advantageous treatment target and that they warrant additional study.