Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States of America.
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America.
PeerJ. 2023 Feb 20;11:e14748. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14748. eCollection 2023.
Primary burrowing crayfishes face high extinction risk, but are challenging to study, manage, and conserve due to their difficult-to-sample habitat (, terrestrial burrows) and low population densities. We apply here a variety of methods to characterize the distribution, habitat associations, and conservation status of the Boston Mountains Crayfish (Reimer, 1966), an endemic burrowing crayfish found only in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas, United States. We used species distribution modeling (SDM) on historic occurrence records to characterize the distribution and macro-scale habitat associations of this species. We then ground-truthed SDM predictions with conventional sampling, modeled fine-scale habitat associations with generalized linear models (GLM), and lastly developed and tested an environmental DNA (eDNA) assay for this species in comparison to conventional sampling. This represents, to our knowledge, the first successful eDNA assay for a terrestrial burrowing crayfish. Our MaxEnt-derived SDM found a strong effect of average annual precipitation on the historic distribution of , which occurred most frequently at locations with moderately high average annual precipitation (140-150 cm/yr) within our study region. was difficult to detect by conventional sampling in 2019 and 2020, found at only 9 of 51 sites (17.6%) sampled by searching for and manually excavating crayfish burrows. Surprisingly, habitat suitability predicted from our MaxEnt models was not associated with contemporary occurrences per GLMs. Instead, presence was negatively associated with both sandy soils and the presence of other burrowing crayfish species. Poor SDM performance in this instance was likely caused by the omission of high resolution fine-scale habitat data (, soils) and biotic interactions from MaxEnt models. Finally, our eDNA assay detected from six of 25 sites (24.0%) sampled in 2020, out-performing conventional surveys by burrow excavation for this species. Given the difficulty of studying primary burrowing crayfishes and their high conservation need, we propose that eDNA may become an increasingly important monitoring tool for and similar species.
主要的穴居淡水小龙虾面临着高度灭绝的风险，但由于其难以采样的栖息地（陆地洞穴）和低种群密度，对其进行研究、管理和保护具有挑战性。我们在这里应用了各种方法来描述波士顿山脉淡水小龙虾（Reimer，1966）的分布、生境关联和保护状况，这种穴居淡水小龙虾仅存在于美国阿肯色州的奥沙克山脉。我们使用物种分布模型（SDM）对历史出现记录进行分析，以描述该物种的分布和宏观生境关联。然后，我们用传统采样对 SDM 预测进行了实地检验，用广义线性模型（GLM）对细粒度生境关联进行了建模，最后为该物种开发并测试了一种环境 DNA（eDNA）检测方法，与传统采样进行了比较。据我们所知，这是首次成功为一种陆地穴居淡水小龙虾开发的 eDNA 检测方法。我们的 MaxEnt 衍生 SDM 发现平均年降水量对历史分布的强烈影响，在我们的研究区域内，该物种最常出现在年平均降水量适中（140-150 厘米/年）的地方。在 2019 年和 2020 年，通过搜索和手动挖掘小龙虾洞穴进行传统采样，很难检测到 ，在 51 个采样点中仅发现了 9 个（17.6%）。令人惊讶的是，我们的 MaxEnt 模型预测的栖息地适宜性与当代 GLM 中的出现频率没有关联。相反， 的存在与沙质土壤和其他穴居淡水小龙虾物种的存在呈负相关。在这种情况下，SDM 表现不佳可能是由于 MaxEnt 模型中缺少高分辨率的细粒度生境数据（如土壤）和生物相互作用。最后，我们的 eDNA 检测在 2020 年的 25 个采样点中的 6 个点（24.0%）检测到了 ，在该物种的洞穴挖掘传统调查中表现更好。鉴于研究主要穴居淡水小龙虾及其高度保护需求的困难，我们建议 eDNA 可能成为 和类似物种的一种越来越重要的监测工具。
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