Update on allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a unique clinical entity that falls under the broader umbrella of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps with type 2 inflammation. It is characterized by nasal polyposis, production of characteristic thick eosinophilic mucin, and expansile change of involved sinus cavities. The diagnosis is classically made using the Bent and Kuhn criteria. However, recent studies have indicated the lack of specificity of some major criteria. The need to fulfill all 5 criteria before diagnosing AFRS partially mitigates this but renders the criteria cumbersome to use, and highlights the need to develop more specific criteria. Our understanding of AFRS pathophysiology has advanced significantly and has helped elucidate the lack of histatins contributing to the inability to clear fungal spores, consequently leading to fungi-induced disruption of the epithelial barrier and stimulation of sinonasal epithelial cells. These trigger a cascade of type 2 inflammatory cytokines driven by both the adaptive and innate immune system. Although more research is needed, these findings could hypothetically point to a limited type 3 immune response at the sinus mucosa, resulting in a compensatory overstimulation of type 2 inflammatory processes. Treatment for AFRS remains centered on surgery and topical corticosteroids. Short courses of systemic corticosteroids may be used with caution, and fungal-specific immunotherapy and systemic antifungals are options in recalcitrant disease. Biologics show early promise, as we await data from randomized controlled trials under way. Finally, new insights into AFRS pathology provide opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies.