Eurofins Agroscience Services Ecotox GmbH, Eutinger Straße 24, 75223, Niefern-Öschelbronn, Germany.
University of Hohenheim, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
Ecotoxicology. 2023 May;32(4):403-415. doi: 10.1007/s10646-023-02636-9. Epub 2023 Mar 1.
Soil sorption properties can influence the bioavailability of substances and consequently the toxicity for soil organisms. Current standardised laboratory testing for the exposure assessment of pesticides to soil organisms uses OECD artificial soil that does not reflect the high variation in chemical-physical soil properties found in natural agroecosystems. According to guideline OECD 222, earthworm reproduction tests with Eisenia fetida and the pesticide carbendazim were performed in four natural soils and OECD artificial soil. By using pF 1.6, which ensures a uniformity in actual soil water availability, the control reproduction performance of E. fetida in all natural soils was at the same level as OECD artificial soil. In a principle component analysis, the variation in toxicity between the tested soils was attributable to a combination of two soil properties, namely total organic carbon content (TOC) and pH. The largest difference of 4.9-fold was found between the typical agricultural Luvisol with 1.03% TOC and pH 6.2 (EC: 0.17 (0.12-0.21) mg a.i. kg sdw, EC: 0.36 (0.31-0.40) mg a.i. kg sdw) and OECD artificial soil with 4.11% TOC and pH 5.6 (EC: 0.84 (0.72-0.92) mg a.i. kg sdw, EC: 1.07 (0.99-1.15) mg a.i. kg sdw). The use of typical agricultural soils in standardised laboratory earthworm testing was successfully established with using the measure pF for soil moisture adjustment. It provides a more application-oriented approach and could serve as a new tool to refine the environmental risk assessment at lower tier testing or in an intermediate tier based approach.
土壤吸附特性会影响物质的生物有效性,进而影响土壤生物的毒性。目前,用于评估农药对土壤生物暴露的标准化实验室测试使用的是 OECD 人工土壤,而这种土壤并不能反映出自然农业生态系统中化学物理土壤特性的高度变化。根据 OECD 指南 222,使用赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)和苯菌灵(carbendazim)对四种天然土壤和 OECD 人工土壤进行了繁殖测试。通过使用 pF 1.6,确保了实际土壤水分可用性的均匀性,赤子爱胜蚓在所有天然土壤中的对照繁殖性能与 OECD 人工土壤相同。在主成分分析中,测试土壤之间的毒性差异归因于两种土壤特性的组合,即总有机碳含量(TOC)和 pH 值。在典型的农业 Luvisol 中,TOC 为 1.03%,pH 值为 6.2(EC:0.17(0.12-0.21)mg a.i. kg sdw,EC:0.36(0.31-0.40)mg a.i. kg sdw)和 OECD 人工土壤中,TOC 为 4.11%,pH 值为 5.6(EC:0.84(0.72-0.92)mg a.i. kg sdw,EC:1.07(0.99-1.15)mg a.i. kg sdw)之间存在最大 4.9 倍的差异。使用标准化实验室赤子爱胜蚓测试中成功建立了使用土壤水分调整测量 pF 的典型农业土壤的使用。它提供了一种更具应用导向的方法,并可以作为在低层次测试或中间层次方法中细化环境风险评估的新工具。