Campani Tommaso, Caliani Ilaria, Di Noi Agata, Casini Silvia
Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
Santa Chiara Lab, University of Siena, Via Valdimontone 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
Toxics. 2025 Mar 14;13(3):209. doi: 10.3390/toxics13030209.
This study investigated the sub-lethal effects of four commercial fungicides-two foliar (AmistarXtra and Mirador) and two ear fungicides (Prosaro and Icarus)-applied alone and in combination to wheat crops on caged earthworms (). We measured biomarkers that included detoxification responses (glutathione S-transferase, GST), oxidative stress levels (lipid peroxidation, LPO, and catalase, CAT), DNA damage (comet assay), energy reserves (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), and immune response (lysozyme activity, LYS). The absence of significant differences in catalase and lipid peroxidation levels suggested no oxidative stress due to fungicide exposure. However, the foliar fungicide AmistarXtra induced the highest GST activity and DNA fragmentation, suggesting synergistic effects between its active ingredients and undisclosed co-formulants. Similar effects observed with the AmistarXtra-Prosaro mixture confirmed the greater toxicity of AmistarXtra. This study provides novel insights into the sub-lethal effects of single and combined commercial fungicides on a standard toxicity test organism, shedding light on the ecological implications of fungicide use in agroecosystems and reinforcing the need for pesticide reduction.
本研究调查了四种商用杀菌剂（两种叶面杀菌剂，即阿米西达（AmistarXtra）和米拉美（Mirador），以及两种穗部杀菌剂，即谱瑞生（Prosaro）和伊卡洛斯（Icarus））单独使用及组合使用时，对笼养蚯蚓的亚致死效应。我们测量了生物标志物，包括解毒反应（谷胱甘肽S-转移酶，GST）、氧化应激水平（脂质过氧化，LPO，和过氧化氢酶，CAT）、DNA损伤（彗星试验）、能量储备（乳酸脱氢酶，LDH）和免疫反应（溶菌酶活性，LYS）。过氧化氢酶和脂质过氧化水平无显著差异，表明杀菌剂暴露未导致氧化应激。然而，叶面杀菌剂阿米西达诱导了最高的GST活性和DNA片段化，表明其活性成分与未公开的辅助配方成分之间存在协同效应。在阿米西达-谱瑞生混合物中观察到的类似效应证实了阿米西达的毒性更强。本研究为单一和组合商用杀菌剂对标准毒性试验生物的亚致死效应提供了新的见解，揭示了农用生态系统中杀菌剂使用的生态影响，并强化了减少农药使用的必要性。
