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COVID-19 治疗药物:用途、作用机制和毒性(疫苗、单克隆抗体和免疫疗法)。

COVID-19 Therapeutics: Use, Mechanism of Action, and Toxicity (Vaccines, Monoclonal Antibodies, and Immunotherapeutics).

机构信息

Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention Serving Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Boston, MA, USA.

出版信息

J Med Toxicol. 2023 Apr;19(2):205-218. doi: 10.1007/s13181-023-00931-9. Epub 2023 Mar 2.


DOI:10.1007/s13181-023-00931-9
PMID:36862334
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9979891/
Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 emerged in December 2019 and led to the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts to develop therapeutics have led to innovations such as mRNA vaccines and oral antivirals. Here we provide a narrative review of the biologic therapeutics used or proposed to treat COVID-19 during the last 3 years. This paper, along with its companion that covers xenobiotics and alternative remedies, is an update to our 2020 paper. Monoclonal antibodies prevent progression to severe disease, are not equally effective across variants, and are associated with minimal and self-limited reactions. Convalescent plasma has side effects like monoclonal antibodies, but with more infusion reactions and less efficacy. Vaccines prevent progression for a larger part of the population. DNA and mRNA vaccines are more effective than protein or inactivated virus vaccines. After mRNA vaccines, young men are more likely to have myocarditis in the subsequent 7 days. After DNA vaccines, those aged 30-50 are very slightly more likely to have thrombotic disease. To all vaccines we discuss, women are slightly more likely to have an anaphylactic reaction than men, but the absolute risk is small.

摘要

SARS-CoV-2 于 2019 年 12 月出现,导致 COVID-19 大流行。开发治疗方法的努力导致了 mRNA 疫苗和口服抗病毒药物等创新。在这里,我们对过去 3 年用于或提议治疗 COVID-19 的生物治疗药物进行了叙述性综述。本文及其涵盖外源性物质和替代疗法的姊妹篇是对我们 2020 年论文的更新。单克隆抗体可预防疾病进展为重症,对不同变体的效果并不相同,且与轻微和自限性反应相关。恢复期血浆与单克隆抗体一样存在副作用,但输注反应更多,疗效更低。疫苗可预防更大一部分人群疾病的进展。DNA 和 mRNA 疫苗比蛋白或灭活病毒疫苗更有效。mRNA 疫苗接种后,年轻人在随后的 7 天内更有可能发生心肌炎。接种 DNA 疫苗后,30-50 岁的人群发生血栓性疾病的可能性略高。对于我们讨论的所有疫苗,女性发生过敏反应的可能性略高于男性,但绝对风险很小。

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COVID-19 Therapeutics: Use, Mechanism of Action, and Toxicity (Vaccines, Monoclonal Antibodies, and Immunotherapeutics).

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[2]
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Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Older Adults: A Systematic Review.

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[2]
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Sci Rep. 2025-7-1

[3]
Enhancing Relation Extraction for COVID-19 Vaccine Shot-Adverse Event Associations with Large Language Models.

Res Sq. 2025-3-17

[4]
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 mortality: a retrospective study.

Front Med (Lausanne). 2025-3-10

[5]
A review of the scientific literature on experimental toxicity studies of COVID-19 vaccines, with special attention to publications in toxicology journals.

Arch Toxicol. 2024-11

[6]
A Structural Comparison of Oral SARS-CoV-2 Drug Candidate Ibuzatrelvir Complexed with the Main Protease (M) of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.

JACS Au. 2024-7-30

[7]
Predictors of 2-year mortality in geriatric patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Türkiye: a retrospective cohort study.

Biomark Med. 2024

[8]
COVID-19 retreats and world recovers: A silver lining in the dark cloud.

Health Care Sci. 2023-8-8

[9]
1-L Transcription of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit.

Int J Mol Sci. 2024-4-18

[10]
Causes and Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Pregnant Women and its Association with Adverse Maternal, Placental, and Perinatal Outcomes.

Yale J Biol Med. 2024-3

本文引用的文献

[1]
Myocarditis in SARS-CoV-2 infection vs. COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022-8-29

[2]
Risk of Myocarditis After Sequential Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Age and Sex.

Circulation. 2022-9-6

[3]
Efficacy and Safety of the RBD-Dimer-Based Covid-19 Vaccine ZF2001 in Adults.

N Engl J Med. 2022-6-2

[4]
Surveillance of Safety of 3 Doses of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination Using Electronic Health Records.

JAMA Netw Open. 2022-4-1

[5]
Background rates of five thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndromes of special interest for COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance: Incidence between 2017 and 2019 and patient profiles from 38.6 million people in six European countries.

Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2022-5

[6]
A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna & Johnson & Johnson.

Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022-12-31

[7]
Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021.

JAMA. 2022-1-25

[8]
Efficacy of the adjuvanted subunit protein COVID-19 vaccine, SCB-2019: a phase 2 and 3 multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Lancet. 2022-1-29

[9]
Use of the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) COVID-19 Vaccine: Updated Interim Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, December 2021.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022-1-21

[10]
Efficacy and safety of two neutralising monoclonal antibody therapies, sotrovimab and BRII-196 plus BRII-198, for adults hospitalised with COVID-19 (TICO): a randomised controlled trial.

Lancet Infect Dis. 2022-5

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