Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention Serving Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Boston, MA, USA.
J Med Toxicol. 2023 Apr;19(2):205-218. doi: 10.1007/s13181-023-00931-9. Epub 2023 Mar 2.
SARS-CoV-2 emerged in December 2019 and led to the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts to develop therapeutics have led to innovations such as mRNA vaccines and oral antivirals. Here we provide a narrative review of the biologic therapeutics used or proposed to treat COVID-19 during the last 3 years. This paper, along with its companion that covers xenobiotics and alternative remedies, is an update to our 2020 paper. Monoclonal antibodies prevent progression to severe disease, are not equally effective across variants, and are associated with minimal and self-limited reactions. Convalescent plasma has side effects like monoclonal antibodies, but with more infusion reactions and less efficacy. Vaccines prevent progression for a larger part of the population. DNA and mRNA vaccines are more effective than protein or inactivated virus vaccines. After mRNA vaccines, young men are more likely to have myocarditis in the subsequent 7 days. After DNA vaccines, those aged 30-50 are very slightly more likely to have thrombotic disease. To all vaccines we discuss, women are slightly more likely to have an anaphylactic reaction than men, but the absolute risk is small.
SARS-CoV-2 于 2019 年 12 月出现,导致 COVID-19 大流行。开发治疗方法的努力导致了 mRNA 疫苗和口服抗病毒药物等创新。在这里,我们对过去 3 年用于或提议治疗 COVID-19 的生物治疗药物进行了叙述性综述。本文及其涵盖外源性物质和替代疗法的姊妹篇是对我们 2020 年论文的更新。单克隆抗体可预防疾病进展为重症,对不同变体的效果并不相同,且与轻微和自限性反应相关。恢复期血浆与单克隆抗体一样存在副作用,但输注反应更多,疗效更低。疫苗可预防更大一部分人群疾病的进展。DNA 和 mRNA 疫苗比蛋白或灭活病毒疫苗更有效。mRNA 疫苗接种后,年轻人在随后的 7 天内更有可能发生心肌炎。接种 DNA 疫苗后,30-50 岁的人群发生血栓性疾病的可能性略高。对于我们讨论的所有疫苗,女性发生过敏反应的可能性略高于男性,但绝对风险很小。
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