Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, F-75006, Paris, France.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2023 Aug;30(4):1171-1186. doi: 10.3758/s13423-023-02260-y. Epub 2023 Mar 2.
For a long time, newborns were considered as human beings devoid of perceptual abilities who had to learn with effort everything about their physical and social environment. Extensive empirical evidence gathered in the last decades has systematically invalidated this notion. Despite the relatively immature state of their sensory modalities, newborns have perceptions that are acquired, and are triggered by, their contact with the environment. More recently, the study of the fetal origins of the sensory modes has revealed that in utero all the senses prepare to operate, except for the vision mode, which is only functional starting from the first minutes after birth. This discrepancy between the maturation of the different senses leads to the question of how human newborns come to understand our multimodal and complex environment. More precisely, how the visual mode interacts with the tactile and auditory modes from birth. After having defined the tools that newborns use to interact with other sensory modalities, we review studies across different fields of research such as the intermodal transfer between touch and vision, auditory-visual speech perception, and the existence of links between the dimensions of space, time, and number. Overall, evidence from these studies supports the idea that human newborns are spontaneously driven, and cognitively equipped, to link information collected by the different sensory modes in order to create a representation of a stable world.
长期以来，新生儿被认为是没有感知能力的人，他们必须努力学习有关其物理和社会环境的一切。过去几十年收集的大量经验证据系统地否定了这一观点。尽管他们的感觉方式相对不成熟，但新生儿已经有了感知能力，并且这些感知能力是由他们与环境的接触引发的。最近，对感觉模式的胎儿起源的研究表明，在子宫内，所有的感觉都在准备运作，除了视觉模式，它只从出生后的第一分钟开始起作用。这种不同感觉的成熟度之间的差异导致了一个问题，即人类新生儿如何理解我们的多模态和复杂环境。更确切地说，视觉模式如何从出生起就与触觉和听觉模式相互作用。在定义了新生儿用于与其他感觉模式相互作用的工具之后，我们回顾了来自不同研究领域的研究，例如触觉和视觉之间的模态转移、听觉-视觉言语感知，以及空间、时间和数量维度之间的联系的存在。总的来说，这些研究的证据支持这样一种观点，即人类新生儿是自发驱动的，并且在认知上具备将不同感觉模式收集的信息联系起来的能力，以便创建一个稳定世界的表示。
