Bioinks adapted for bioprinting scenarios of defect sites: a review.

bioprinting provides a reliable solution to the problem of tissue culture and vascularization by printing tissue directly at the site of injury or defect and maturing the printed tissue using the natural cell microenvironment . As an emerging field, bioprinting is based on computer-assisted scanning results of the defect site and is able to print cells directly at this site with biomaterials, bioactive factors, and other materials without the need to transfer prefabricated grafts as with traditional 3D bioprinting methods, and the resulting grafts can accurately adapt to the target defect site. However, one of the important reasons hindering the development of bioprinting is the absence of suitable bioinks. In this review, we will summarize bioinks developed in recent years that can adapt to printing scenarios at the defect site, considering three aspects: the design strategy of bioink, the selection of commonly used biomaterials, and the application of bioprinting to different treatment scenarios.