A comprehensive analysis of PANoptosome to prognosis and immunotherapy response in pan-cancer.

PANoptosis, a programmed cell death, shares key characteristics of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that PANoptosis plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis. However, the respective regulation mechanisms in cancer are so far unclear. Using various bioinformatic approaches, we comprehensively analyzed the expression patterns, genetic alterations, prognostic value, and immunological role of PANoptosis genes in pan-cancer. Expression of the PANoptosis gene, PYCARD, was validated based on the Human Protein Atlas database and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We found that PANoptosis genes were aberrantly expressed in most cancer types, which was consistent with the validation of PYCARD expression. Concurrently, PANoptosis genes and PANoptosis scores were significantly associated with patient survival in 21 and 14 cancer types, respectively. Pathway analysis showed that PANoptosis score was positively correlated with pathways linked to immune and inflammatory responses in pan-cancer, such as IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling, the interferon-gamma response, and IL2-STAT5 signaling. In addition, the PANoptosis score was significantly correlated with the tumor microenvironment, the infiltration levels of most immune cells (i.e.NK cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, DC cells), and immune-related genes. Furthermore, it was a predictive indicator of immunotherapy response in patients with tumors. These insights substantially improve our understanding of PANoptosis components in cancers and may inspire the discovery of novel prognostic and immunotherapy response biomarkers.