Genome-Wide Characterization and Gene Expression Analyses of Malate Dehydrogenase () Genes in Low-Phosphorus Stress Tolerance of Chinese Fir ().

Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) genes play vital roles in developmental control and environmental stress tolerance in sessile plants by modulating the organic acid-malic acid level. However, MDH genes have not yet been characterized in gymnosperm, and their roles in nutrient deficiency are largely unexplored. In this study, 12 MDH genes were identified in Chinese fir (), namely, , , , , . Chinese fir is one of the most abundant commercial timber trees in China, and low phosphorus has limited its growth and production due to the acidic soil of southern China. According to the phylogenetic analysis, MDH genes were classified into five groups, and Group 2 genes (, , , and ) were only found to be present in Chinese fir but not in and . In particular, the Group 2 MDHs also had specific functional domains-Ldh_1_N (malidase NAD-binding functional domain) and Ldh_1_C (malate enzyme C-terminal functional domain)-indicating a specific function of ClMDHs in the accumulation of malate. All genes contained the conserved MDH gene characteristic functional domains Ldh_1_N and Ldh_1_C, and all ClMDH proteins exhibited similar structures. Twelve genes were identified from eight chromosomes, involving fifteen homologous gene pairs, each with a Ka/Ks ratio of <1. The analysis of cis-elements, protein interactions, and transcription factor interactions of MDHs showed that the gene might play a role in plant growth and development, and in response to stress mechanisms. The results of transcriptome data and qRT-PCR validation based on low-phosphorus stress showed that and were upregulated under low-phosphorus stress and played a role in the response of fir to low-phosphorus stress. In conclusion, these findings lay a foundation for further improving the genetic mechanism of the gene family in response to low-phosphorus stress, exploring the potential function of this gene, promoting the improvement of fir genetics and breeding, and improving production efficiency.