Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillán, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Vegetal, Escuela de Ciencias y Tecnologías, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Los Ángeles, Juan Antonio Coloma, 0201, Chile.
Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillán, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chile.
Fungal Biol. 2023 Mar;127(3):938-948. doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.01.009. Epub 2023 Feb 3.
In Northwestern Patagonia (Chile), three species of Morchella from undisturbed environments have been identified to date: Morchella tridentina, Morchella andinensis and Morchella aysenina, all belonging to the Elata clade and associated mainly with Nothofagus forests. In this study, the search for Morchella specimens was extended to disturbed environments in Central-Southern Chile, to further explore Morchella species diversity in the country, which is still very limited. The Morchella specimens were identified through multilocus sequences analysis, and the mycelial cultures were characterized, establishing comparisons with specimens from undisturbed environments. To the best of our knowledge, these results reveal for the first time in Chile the presence of the species Morchella eximia and Morchella importuna, and in the case of the last one also the first record in South America. These species were found associated almost exclusively with harvested or burned coniferous plantations. The in vitro mycelial characterization revealed certain inter- and intra-specific patterns of the morphology, such as pigmentation, mycelium type, and development and formation of sclerotia, which varied according to growth media and incubation temperature. The growth rates (mm/day) and mycelial biomass (mg) were significantly influenced by the temperature (p < 0.05), with maximum rates (>10 mm/day) and biomass (approx. 20 mg) between 20 and 24 °C, while a significant growth reduction (70-90%) was observed at 28 °C, mainly in the species from undisturbed environments. Potato-dextrose (PDA) medium stimulated the greatest mycelial density and sclerotia formation in most of the isolates, mainly in M. eximia (UDEC-LAF 236 isolate) which recorded the best mycelial growth performance. Among isolates, UDEC-LAF 236 also showed the best performance in sclerotia production (>350 sclerotia/dish) in 10 days of growth. This study contributes to the knowledge of the diversity of Morchella species in Chile by broadening the species range to those from disturbed environments. It also provides molecular and morphological characterization of the in vitro cultures of different Morchella species. The report on M. eximia and M. importuna, species known as cultivable, adapted to local climatic and edaphic conditions could represent the first step to developing artificial Morchella cultivation methods in Chile.
在西北巴塔哥尼亚（智利），已经鉴定出三种来自未受干扰环境的羊肚菌物种：三叉羊肚菌、安第斯羊肚菌和阿耶森羊肚菌，它们都属于 Elata 进化枝，主要与冷杉林有关。在这项研究中，研究人员扩大了在智利中南部受干扰环境中寻找羊肚菌标本的范围，以进一步探索该国羊肚菌物种的多样性，目前该国的羊肚菌物种多样性仍然非常有限。通过多位点序列分析鉴定了羊肚菌标本，并对菌丝体培养物进行了特征描述，与未受干扰环境中的标本进行了比较。据我们所知，这些结果首次在智利发现了 eximia 和 importuna 羊肚菌，后者也是在南美洲的首次记录。这些物种几乎只与收获或烧毁的针叶林有关。体外菌丝体特征揭示了形态学上的某些种间和种内模式，如色素沉着、菌丝体类型以及菌核的发育和形成，这些模式根据生长介质和培养温度而有所不同。生长速率（mm/天）和菌丝体生物量（mg）受到温度的显著影响（p<0.05），在 20-24°C 之间达到最高速率（>10mm/天）和生物量（约 20mg），而在 28°C 时观察到显著的生长减少（70-90%），主要在未受干扰环境中的物种中。马铃薯葡萄糖（PDA）培养基刺激大多数分离物的菌丝体密度和菌核形成最大，主要是在 M. eximia（UDEC-LAF 236 分离物）中，其记录了最佳的菌丝体生长性能。在分离物中，UDEC-LAF 236 还在 10 天的生长中记录了最佳的菌核产量（>350 个菌核/盘）。这项研究通过将物种范围扩大到受干扰环境中的物种，为智利羊肚菌物种的多样性提供了知识。它还提供了不同羊肚菌物种的体外培养物的分子和形态特征。关于 eximia 和 importuna 羊肚菌的报告，这些物种被认为是可栽培的，适应当地的气候和土壤条件，这可能是在智利开发人工羊肚菌栽培方法的第一步。
