Amassaghrou Asmae, Barkaoui Karim, Bouaziz Ahmed, Alaoui Si Bennasseur, Fatemi Zain El Abidine, Daoui Khalid
Institute of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Hassan II, BP 6202 Rabat-Instituts, 10112, Rabat, Morocco.
National Institute of Agricultural Research, Regional Center of Meknes, km10, Haj Kaddour Road, Meknes, Morocco.
Saudi J Biol Sci. 2023 Apr;30(4):103597. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103597. Epub 2023 Feb 16.
Heat and drought stresses have become more frequent and intense in the Mediterranean, strongly influencing arable crop phenology, growth, and grain yield. Agroforestry systems can effectively buffer the adverse climate conditions and stabilize or even increase crop yield under climate change. However, the positive effects of agroforestry remain uncertain due to the possible intense competition between trees and crops, especially for legume crops that have been less studied than cereals in such context. This study aimed to assess the response of the phenology, growth, grain yield, and yield-related traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), faba bean (Vicia faba), and lentil (Lens culinaris) to olive-based agroforestry (AFS) as compared to sole crops system (SCS) in the South of the Mediterranean. We conducted a field experiment during two growing seasons marked by an intense drought, either at the beginning (year 1) or at the end (year 2) of the crop cycle. Crop growth and yield were lower in year 1 than in year 2, reflecting the adverse growing conditions caused by the early drought. They were also lower in AFS than in SCS for both years, indicating that trees had competitive effects on crops. In year 1, the yield loss of grains in AFS was 66 % for lentil, 47 % for chickpea, and 43 % for faba bean compared to SCS, confirming the greater shade sensitivity of lentil. In year 2, the reduction was significantly smaller and was about 46 %, 34 %, 38 % for lentil, chickpea and, faba bean, respectively. The number of pods and grains were the most affected yield components by agroforestry and drought timing across the three legumes crops. Similar responses were found when comparing crops at different distances to trees within the AFS field. Crops generally had lower biomass and yield, explained by fewer pods and grains, on the northern side of trees compared to the southern side of trees or the middle of tree inter-rows, causing significant spatial heterogeneity in crops. However, lentil and chickpea had a positive response to shade during the early drought year while a negative response during the late drought year, suggesting that the benefits of the microclimate created by olive trees express depending on drought timing and crop physiology. Our study supports legume integration into AFS, suggesting that chickpea should be considered during high-stress conditions, while faba bean should be preferred during low-stress conditions.
在地中海地区，高温和干旱胁迫愈发频繁且严重，对耕地作物的物候、生长和谷物产量产生了强烈影响。农林业系统能够有效缓冲不利的气候条件，并在气候变化下稳定甚至提高作物产量。然而，由于树木与作物之间可能存在激烈竞争，尤其是在这种情况下，豆类作物相比谷类作物的研究较少，因此农林业的积极影响仍不确定。本研究旨在评估与地中海南部的单作系统（SCS）相比，鹰嘴豆（Cicer arietinum）、蚕豆（Vicia faba）和小扁豆（Lens culinaris）的物候、生长、谷物产量及产量相关性状对橄榄基农林业（AFS）的响应。我们在两个生长季节进行了田间试验，这两个季节均以严重干旱为特征，干旱分别出现在作物周期的开始（第1年）或结束（第2年）。第1年的作物生长和产量低于第2年，这反映了早期干旱造成的不利生长条件。两年中，AFS中的作物生长和产量也低于SCS，这表明树木对作物具有竞争效应。在第1年，与SCS相比，AFS中小扁豆的谷物产量损失为66%，鹰嘴豆为47%，蚕豆为43%，这证实了小扁豆对遮荫更为敏感。在第2年，降幅明显较小，小扁豆、鹰嘴豆和蚕豆分别约为46%、34%和38%。在这三种豆类作物中，荚果数和粒数是受农林业和干旱时间影响最大的产量构成因素。在AFS田地中，比较不同距离树木处的作物时也发现了类似的响应。与树木南侧或树行间中间相比，树木北侧的作物通常生物量和产量较低，原因是荚果和粒数较少，这导致了作物显著的空间异质性。然而，小扁豆和鹰嘴豆在干旱早期年份对遮荫有积极响应，而在干旱后期年份则有消极响应，这表明橄榄树营造的微气候的益处取决于干旱时间和作物生理状况。我们的研究支持将豆类作物纳入AFS，建议在高胁迫条件下考虑种植鹰嘴豆，而在低胁迫条件下更宜选择蚕豆。
