Transfer of CeO nanoparticles between freshwater omnivorous organisms: Effect of feces and necrophagy.

Transfer of CeO engineered nanoparticles (NPs) through feces was investigated between two omnivorous organisms, red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Upon water exposure (5 mg/L, 7 days), the highest bioaccumulation was observed in carp gills (5.95 μg Ce/g D.W.) and crayfish hepatopancreas (648 μg Ce/g D.W.), with the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) at 0.45 and 3.61, respectively. In addition, 97.4% and 73.0% of ingested Ce were excreted by carp and crayfish, respectively. The feces of carp and crayfish were collected and fed to crayfish and carp, respectively. After feces exposure, bioconcentration was observed in both carp (BCF, 3.00) and crayfish (BCF, 4.56). After feeding crayfish with carp bodies (1.85 μg Ce/g D.W.), CeO NPs were not biomagnified (biomagnification factor, 0.28). Upon water exposure, CeO NPs were transformed into Ce(III) in the feces of both carp (24.6%) and crayfish (13.6%), and the transformation was stronger after subsequent feces exposure (100% and 73.7%, respectively). Feces exposure lowered histopathological damage, oxidative stress, and nutritional quality (e.g., crude proteins, microelements, amino acids) to carp and crayfish in comparison with water exposure. This research highlights the importance of feces exposure on the transfer and fate of NPs in aquatic ecosystems.