Perina Fernando Cesar, Abessa Denis Moledo de Souza, Pinho Grasiela Lopes Leães, Castro Ítalo Braga, Fillmann Gilberto
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Instituto de Oceanografia - IO. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 May;30(22):61888-61903. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-26368-9. Epub 2023 Mar 18.
Organotin-based (OTs: TBT and TPT) antifouling paints have been banned worldwide, but recent inputs have been detected in tropical coastal areas. However, there is a lack of studies evaluating the toxicity of both legacy and their substitute antifouling booster biocides (e.g., Irgarol and diuron) on neotropical species. Therefore, the acute toxicity of four antifouling biocides (TBT, TPT, Irgarol, and diuron) was investigated using the marine planktonic organisms Acartia tonsa and Mysidopsis juniae, the estuarine tanaid Monokalliapseudes schubarti (water exposure), and the burrowing amphipod Tiburonella viscana (spiked sediment exposure). Results confirmed the high toxicity of the OTs, especially to planktonic species, being about two orders of magnitude higher than Irgarol and diuron. Toxic effects of antifouling compounds were observed at levels currently found in tropical coastal zones, representing a threat to planktonic and benthic invertebrates. Furthermore, deterministic PNEC values suggest that environmental hazards in tropical regions may be higher due to the higher sensitivity of tropical organisms. Since regulations on antifouling biocides are still restricted to a few countries, more ecotoxicological studies are needed to derivate environmental quality standards based on realistic scenarios. The present study brings essential contributions regarding the ecological risks of these substances in tropical and subtropical zones.
有机锡基（OTs：三丁基锡和三苯基锡）防污漆已在全球范围内被禁止使用，但近期在热带沿海地区仍检测到其输入。然而，目前缺乏对遗留的以及其替代防污增效杀生剂（如灭藻醌和敌草隆）对新热带物种毒性的研究。因此，使用海洋浮游生物中华哲水蚤和琼氏莹虾、河口等足类动物舒氏单铠虾（水暴露）以及穴居双足虾维氏蒂布龙虾（加标沉积物暴露），研究了四种防污杀生剂（三丁基锡、三苯基锡、灭藻醌和敌草隆）的急性毒性。结果证实了有机锡的高毒性，尤其是对浮游物种，其毒性比灭藻醌和敌草隆高约两个数量级。在热带沿海地区目前发现的水平下观察到了防污化合物的毒性效应，这对浮游和底栖无脊椎动物构成了威胁。此外，确定性预测无效应浓度值表明，由于热带生物的敏感性较高，热带地区的环境危害可能更大。由于对防污杀生剂的监管仍仅限于少数国家，因此需要更多的生态毒理学研究，以便根据实际情况推导环境质量标准。本研究为这些物质在热带和亚热带地区的生态风险提供了重要贡献。
