Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
J Mol Biol. 2023 Apr 1;435(7):168054. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168054. Epub 2023 Mar 18.
The discovery of diverse bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems has reignited interest in understanding bacterial defense pathways while yielding exciting new tools for genome editing. CRISPR-Cas systems are widely distributed in prokaryotes, found in 40% of bacteria and 90% of archaea, where they function as adaptive immune systems against bacterial viruses (phage) and other mobile genetic elements. In turn, phage have evolved inhibitors, called anti-CRISPR proteins, to prevent targeting. Type V CRISPR-Cas12 systems have emerged as a particularly exciting arena in this co-evolutionary arms race. Type V anti-CRISPRs have highly diverse and novel mechanisms of action, some of which appear to be unusually potent or widespread. In this review, we discuss the discovery and mechanism of these anti-CRISPRs as well as future areas for exploration.
多样化的细菌 CRISPR-Cas 系统的发现重新激起了人们对理解细菌防御途径的兴趣，同时也为基因组编辑带来了令人兴奋的新工具。CRISPR-Cas 系统广泛分布于原核生物中，在 40%的细菌和 90%的古菌中都有发现，它们作为针对细菌病毒（噬菌体）和其他移动遗传元件的适应性免疫系统发挥作用。反过来，噬菌体进化出了抑制剂，称为抗 CRISPR 蛋白，以防止被靶向。在这场共同进化的军备竞赛中，V 型 CRISPR-Cas12 系统成为一个特别令人兴奋的领域。V 型抗 CRISPR 具有高度多样化和新颖的作用机制，其中一些机制似乎异常强大或广泛。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了这些抗 CRISPR 的发现和机制，以及未来的探索领域。
