Payre William, Perelló-March Jaume, Birrell Stewart
National Transport Design Centre, Centre for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom.
Front Psychol. 2023 Mar 1;14:1078723. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1078723. eCollection 2023.
One major challenge for automated cars is to not only be safe, but also secure. Indeed, connected vehicles are vulnerable to cyberattacks, which may jeopardize individuals' trust in these vehicles and their safety. In a driving simulator experiment, 38 participants were exposed to two screen failures: (i.e., no turn signals on the in-vehicle screen and instrument cluster) and (i.e., ransomware attack), both while performing a non-driving related task (NDRT) in a conditionally automated vehicle. Results showed that objective trust decreased after experiencing the failures. Drivers took over control of the vehicle and stopped their NDRT more often after the explicit failure than after the silent failure. Lateral control of the vehicle was compromised when taking over control after both failures compared to automated driving performance. However, longitudinal control proved to be smoother in terms of speed homogeneity compared to automated driving performance. These findings suggest that connectivity failures negatively affect trust in automation and manual driving performance after taking over control. This research posits the question of the importance of connectivity in the realm of trust in automation. Finally, we argue that engagement in a NDRT while riding in automated mode is an indicator of trust in the system and could be used as a surrogate measure for trust.
自动驾驶汽车面临的一个主要挑战不仅是要安全，还要可靠。事实上，联网车辆容易受到网络攻击，这可能会危及个人对这些车辆的信任及其安全性。在一项驾驶模拟器实验中，38名参与者遭遇了两种屏幕故障：（即车内屏幕和仪表盘上没有转向灯信号）以及（即勒索软件攻击），这两种情况都是在一辆有条件自动驾驶的车辆中，参与者执行非驾驶相关任务（NDRT）时发生的。结果表明，经历故障后客观信任度下降。与隐性故障相比，在明确故障后，驾驶员更频繁地接管车辆控制权并停止其NDRT。与自动驾驶性能相比，在两种故障后接管控制权时，车辆的横向控制受到了影响。然而，与自动驾驶性能相比，在速度均匀性方面，纵向控制被证明更加平稳。这些发现表明，连接故障会对接管控制权后的自动化信任和手动驾驶性能产生负面影响。这项研究提出了连接性在自动化信任领域中的重要性问题。最后，我们认为在自动模式下乘车时参与NDRT是对系统信任的一个指标，可以用作信任的替代度量。
