Meyding-Lamadé Uta, Craemer Eva Maria
Krankenhaus Nordwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488, Frankfurt, Deutschland.
Nervenarzt. 2023 Apr;94(4):268-277. doi: 10.1007/s00115-023-01452-0. Epub 2023 Mar 21.
Viral diseases of the nervous system are ancient and poliomyelitis was described in Egypt as early as 2000 BC. They can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms, such as meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré-like syndrome and stroke, often leaving mild to severe residuals. Depending on the pathogen, the symptoms appear quickly within hours, or lead to increasing chronic symptoms within 1 week or months. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was newly identified in January 2020 and occurs worldwide, illustrates the sequelae of a phenomenon that has been known for centuries, the possible rapid spread of pathogen-related infectious diseases. Due to vaccination programs some pathogens are becoming rarer or are considered to be eradicated. Nevertheless, vaccination programs, especially in the poorer regions, are repeatedly interrupted, for example by wars. The most recent example is the interruption of vaccination against poliomyelitis in Ukraine. As life expectancy continues to rise and years of life lost to infectious diseases decrease, the new infectious disease threat is likely to come from emerging and re-emerging infections; however, according to a recent analysis of population data from 29 countries, life expectancy during the corona pandemic has decreased, e.g., by 28 months in the USA and by 6 months in Germany. Climate change, rapid urbanization and changing land-use patterns could increase the risk in the coming decades. In particular, the climate change can alter the spectrum of global pathogens and especially vector-borne infections can spread to new areas. A sustained increase in travel, trade and mobility enables the pathogens to spread quickly.
神经系统的病毒性疾病历史悠久，早在公元前2000年，埃及就有关于脊髓灰质炎的记载。它们可引发多种神经系统症状，如脑膜炎、脑炎、脑膜脑炎、格林-巴利综合征样综合征和中风，常留下轻至重度的后遗症。根据病原体不同，症状可能在数小时内迅速出现，也可能在1周或数月内导致慢性症状逐渐加重。2020年1月新发现并在全球传播的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2），体现了一种数百年来已知现象的后果，即病原体相关传染病可能迅速传播。由于疫苗接种计划，一些病原体正变得越来越罕见或被认为已被根除。然而，疫苗接种计划，尤其是在较贫困地区，屡屡被打断，例如因战争。最近的例子是乌克兰脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种的中断。随着预期寿命持续上升，因传染病而损失的寿命年数减少，新的传染病威胁可能来自新出现和再次出现的感染；然而，根据最近对29个国家人口数据的分析，新冠疫情期间预期寿命有所下降，例如在美国下降了28个月，在德国下降了6个月。气候变化、快速城市化和土地利用模式的改变可能在未来几十年增加风险。特别是，气候变化会改变全球病原体的种类，尤其是病媒传播感染可能蔓延到新的地区。旅行、贸易和流动性的持续增加使病原体能够迅速传播。
