Khan Sajad, Khan Raham Sher, Zahoor Muhammad, Islam Noor Ul, Khan Tariq, Muhammad Zar, Ullah Riaz, Bari Ahmed
Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul University Avcilar Campus, Istanbul, Turkey.
Heliyon. 2023 Mar 14;9(3):e14579. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14579. eCollection 2023 Mar.
Nano-fertilizers are superior to conventional fertilizers, but their effectiveness has not yet been adequately explored in the field of agriculture. In this study, silver nanoparticles using leaves extract of an plant were synthesized and further doped with urea to enhance the plant biomass and metabolic contents. The synthesized silver nanoparticles (A.N-AgNPs) and urea-doped silver nanoparticles (U-AgNPs) were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Powder X-ray Diffraction, and Energy Dispersive X-ray. The wheat seeds were grown in media under controlled conditions in the plant growth chamber. The effectiveness of nanoparticles was studied using different A.N-AgNPs and U-AgNPs concentrations (0.75 μg/ml, 1.5 μg/ml, 3 μg/ml, 6 μg/ml, and 15 μg/ml). They were compared with a control group that received no dose of nanoparticles. The plant biomass, yield parameters, and wheat quality were analyzed. The effect of silver nanoparticles and U-AgNPs were examined in developing wheat seeds and their potency in combating biotic stresses such as nematodes, herbivores, fungi, insects, weeds and bacteria; abiotic stresses such as salinity, ultraviolet radiation, heavy metals, temperature, drought, floods etc. In the seedlings, six possible phytochemicals at a spray dose of 6 μg/ml of U-AgNPs were identified such as dihydroxybenzoic acids, vanillic acid, apigenin glucosidase, -coumaric acid, sinapic acid, and ferulic acid whereas in other treatments the number of phenolic compounds was lesser in number as well as in concentrations. Moreover, various parameters of the wheat plants, including their dry weight and fresh weight, were assessed and compared with control group. The findings of the study indicated that A.N-AgNPs and U-AgNPs act as metabolite elicitors that induced secondary metabolite production (total phenolic, flavonoid, and chlorophyll contents). In addition, U-AgNPs provided a nitrogen source and were considered a smart nitrogen fertilizer that enhanced the plant biomass, yields, and metabolite production.
纳米肥料优于传统肥料，但其有效性在农业领域尚未得到充分探索。在本研究中，利用一种植物的叶子提取物合成了银纳米颗粒，并进一步用尿素掺杂以提高植物生物量和代谢物含量。使用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、粉末X射线衍射和能量色散X射线对合成的银纳米颗粒（A.N-AgNPs）和尿素掺杂的银纳米颗粒（U-AgNPs）进行了表征。小麦种子在植物生长室的可控条件下在培养基中生长。使用不同浓度的A.N-AgNPs和U-AgNPs（0.75μg/ml、1.5μg/ml、3μg/ml、6μg/ml和15μg/ml）研究了纳米颗粒的有效性。将它们与未接受纳米颗粒剂量的对照组进行比较。分析了植物生物量、产量参数和小麦品质。研究了银纳米颗粒和U-AgNPs对发育中的小麦种子的影响及其对抗线虫、食草动物、真菌、昆虫、杂草和细菌等生物胁迫；盐度、紫外线辐射、重金属、温度、干旱、洪水等非生物胁迫的效力。在幼苗中，鉴定出了六种可能的植物化学物质，其喷雾剂量为6μg/ml的U-AgNPs，如二羟基苯甲酸、香草酸、芹菜素葡萄糖苷酶、对香豆酸、芥子酸和阿魏酸，而在其他处理中，酚类化合物的数量和浓度都较少。此外，评估了小麦植株的各种参数，包括其干重和鲜重，并与对照组进行了比较。研究结果表明，A.N-AgNPs和U-AgNPs作为代谢物诱导剂，可诱导次生代谢物的产生（总酚、类黄酮和叶绿素含量）。此外，U-AgNPs提供了氮源，被认为是一种智能氮肥，可提高植物生物量、产量和代谢物产量。
