attenuated fecal dysbiosis and metabolome changes in -administered bilateral nephrectomy mice.

The impacts of metabolomic changes (reduced short-chain-fatty acids; SCFAs) in uremic condition is not fully understood. Once daily gavage with or without probiotics (different times of administration) for 1 week prior to bilateral nephrectomy (Bil Nep) in 8-week-old C57BL6 mice as the possible models more resemble human conditions were performed. -administered Bil Nep mice demonstrated more severe conditions than Bil Nep alone as indicated by mortality (n = 10/group) and other 48 h parameters (n = 6-8/group), including serum cytokines, leaky gut (FITC-dextran assay, endotoxemia, serum beta-glucan, and loss of Zona-occludens-1), and dysbiosis (increased with decreased diversity in microbiome analysis) (n = 3/group for fecal microbiome) without the difference in uremia (serum creatinine). With nuclear magnetic resonance metabolome analysis (n = 3-5/group), Bil Nep reduced fecal butyric (and propionic) acid and blood 3-hydroxy butyrate compared with sham and -Bil Nep altered metabolomic patterns compared with Bil Nep alone. Then, dfa1 (SCFA-producing ) (n = 8/group) attenuated the model severity (mortality, leaky gut, serum cytokines, and increased fecal butyrate) of Bil Nep mice (n = 6/group) (regardless of ). In enterocytes (Caco-2 cells), butyrate attenuated injury induced by indoxyl sulfate (a gut-derived uremic toxin) as indicated by transepithelial electrical resistance, supernatant IL-8, expression, and cell energy status (mitochondria and glycolysis activities by extracellular flux analysis). In conclusion, the reduced butyrate by uremia was not enhanced by administration; however, the presence of in the gut induced a leaky gut that was attenuated by SCFA-producing probiotics. Our data support the use of probiotics in uremia.