, Protected from Antibiotics and Stresses Inside Vacuoles, Cause Gastritis in Mice.

Due to (i) the simultaneous presence of (ulcer-induced bacteria) and in the stomach and (ii) the possibility of prokaryotic-eukaryotic endosymbiosis (intravacuolar in the yeast cells) under stresses, we tested this symbiosis in vitro and in vivo. To that end, intravacuolar were induced by the co-incubation of with under several stresses (acidic pH, non--enrichment media, and aerobic environments); the results were detectable by direct microscopy (wet mount) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Indeed, intravacuolar were predominant under all stresses, especially the lower pH level (pH 2-3). Interestingly, the (an amoxicillin-sensitive strain) inside were protected from the antibiotic (amoxicillin), while extracellular were neutralizable, as indicated by the culture. In parallel, the oral administration of intravacuolar in mice caused colonization in the stomach resulting in gastritis, as indicated by gastric histopathology and tissue cytokines, similar to the administration of free (extra- bacteria). In conclusion, protected from stresses and antibiotics, and the intravacuolar were able to be released from the yeast cells, causing gastric inflammation with neutrophil accumulations.