Departments of Community Health Sciences and History, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Research Program on the History of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, Germany.
J Hist Neurosci. 2023 Apr-Jun;32(2):81-122. doi: 10.1080/0964704X.2023.2182090. Epub 2023 Mar 27.
The development of the brain sciences () in the Max Planck Society (MPG) during the early decades of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was influenced by the legacy of its precursor institution, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science (KWG). The KWG's brain science institutes, along with their intramural psychiatry and neurology research programs, were of considerable interest to the Western Allies and former administrators of the German science and education systems in their plans to rebuild the extra-university research society-first in the British Occupation Zone and later in the American and French Occupation Zones. This formation process occurred under the physicist Max Planck (1858-1947) as acting president, and the MPG was named in his honor when it was formally established in 1948. In comparison to other international developments in the brain sciences, it was neuropathology as well as neurohistology that initially dominated postwar brain research activities in West Germany. In regard to its KWG past, at least four historical factors can be identified that explain the dislocated structural and social features of the MPG during the postwar period: first, the disruption of previously existing interactions between German brain scientists and international colleagues; second, the German educational structures that countered interdisciplinary developments through their structural focus on medical research disciplines during the postwar period; third, the moral misconduct of earlier KWG scientists and scholars during the National Socialism period; and, fourth, the deep rupture that appeared through the forced migration of many Jewish and oppositional neuroscientists who sought to find exile after 1933 in countries where they had already held active collaborations since the 1910s and 1920s. This article examines several trends in the MPG's disrupted relational processes as it sought to grapple with its broken past, beginning with the period of reinauguration of relevant Max Planck Institutes in brain science and culminating with the establishment of the Presidential Research Program on the History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in National Socialism in 1997.
脑科学在马克斯·普朗克学会（MPG）的发展（）在德意志联邦共和国（FRG）的早期几十年受到其前身机构，威廉皇帝学会（KWG）的影响。KWG 的脑科学研究所及其内部精神病学和神经病学研究计划，引起了西方盟国和德国科学和教育系统前管理者的极大兴趣，他们计划重建校外研究协会——首先在英国占领区，后来在美国和法国占领区。这一形成过程是在物理学家马克斯·普朗克（Max Planck）（1858-1947 年）担任代理主席的情况下进行的，当 MPG 于 1948 年正式成立时，便以他的名字命名。与脑科学的其他国际发展相比，神经病理学以及神经组织学最初主导了战后德国的脑研究活动。就其 KWG 过去而言，至少有四个历史因素可以解释 MPG 在后殖民时期的错位结构和社会特征：首先，德国脑科学家与国际同行之间先前存在的互动被打乱；其次，德国教育结构在战后通过其对医学研究学科的结构关注来对抗跨学科发展；第三，KWG 科学家和学者在纳粹时期的道德不当行为；以及第四，1933 年后，许多犹太裔和反对派神经科学家被迫移民，他们试图在已经与 20 世纪 10 年代和 20 年代建立了积极合作关系的国家中寻求流亡，这导致了深刻的断裂。本文考察了 MPG 在试图应对其破碎的过去时，其中断的关系过程中的几个趋势，从重新启动相关马克斯·普朗克脑科学研究所开始，最终在 1997 年建立了关于威廉皇帝学会在纳粹时期历史的总统研究计划。
