U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Apr 11;57(14):5544-5557. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06500. Epub 2023 Mar 27.
Aqueous film-forming foams historically were used during fire training activities on Joint Base Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and created an extensive per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) groundwater contamination plume. The potential for PFAS bioconcentration from exposure to the contaminated groundwater, which discharges to surface water bodies, was assessed with mobile-laboratory experiments using groundwater from the contamination plume and a nearby reference location. The on-site continuous-flow 21-day exposures used male and female fathead minnows, freshwater mussels, polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), and polyethylene tube samplers (PETS) to evaluate biotic and abiotic uptake. The composition of the PFAS-contaminated groundwater was complex and 9 PFAS were detected in the reference groundwater and 17 PFAS were detected in the contaminated groundwater. The summed PFAS concentrations ranged from 120 to 140 ng L in reference groundwater and 6100 to 15,000 ng L in contaminated groundwater. Biotic concentration factors (CF) for individual PFAS were species, sex, source, and compound-specific and ranged from 2.9 to 1000 L kg in whole-body male fish exposed to contaminated groundwater for 21 days. The fish and mussel CF generally increased with increasing fluorocarbon chain length and were greater for sulfonates than for carboxylates. The exception was perfluorohexane sulfonate, which deviated from the linear trend and had a 10-fold difference in CF between sites, possibly because of biotransformation of precursors such as perfluorohexane sulfonamide. Uptake for most PFAS in male fish was linear over time, whereas female fish had bilinear uptake indicated by an initial increase in tissue concentrations followed by a decrease. Uptake of PFAS was less for mussels (maximum CF = 200) than for fish, and mussel uptake of most PFAS also was bilinear. Although abiotic concentration factors were greater than CF, and values for POCIS were greater than for PETS, passive samplers were useful for assessing PFAS that potentially bioconcentrate in fish but are present at concentrations below method quantitation limits in water. Passive samplers also accumulate short-chain PFAS that are not bioconcentrated.
水成膜泡沫（Aqueous film-forming foams）在历史上曾用于马萨诸塞州科德角联合基地的消防训练活动，造成了广泛的全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）地下水污染羽。评估了从受污染的地下水（排入地表水）暴露中接触到的 PFAS 生物浓缩的可能性，该地下水来自污染羽和附近参考地点的现场流动实验室实验。使用现场连续 21 天的暴露，使用雄性和雌性黑头呆鱼、淡水贻贝、极性有机化学综合采样器（POCIS）和聚乙烯管采样器（PETS）评估生物和非生物的吸收。污染地下水的 PFAS 组成复杂，在参考地下水中检测到 9 种 PFAS，在污染地下水中检测到 17 种 PFAS。参考地下水中的总和 PFAS 浓度范围为 120 至 140ng/L，污染地下水中的总和 PFAS 浓度范围为 6100 至 15000ng/L。个别 PFAS 的生物浓缩系数（CF）因物种、性别、来源和化合物特异性而异，在暴露于污染地下水 21 天的雄性鱼的整个身体中，范围从 2.9 至 1000L/kg。鱼和贻贝的 CF 通常随氟碳链长度的增加而增加，对于磺酸盐而言大于对于羧酸酯而言。全氟己烷磺酸盐是个例外，它偏离了线性趋势，在站点之间的 CF 差异为 10 倍，可能是因为前体如全氟己烷磺酰胺的生物转化。大多数 PFAS 在雄性鱼中的吸收随时间呈线性增加，而雌性鱼的组织浓度先增加后减少，表现出双线性吸收。贻贝对 PFAS 的吸收（最大 CF=200）低于鱼类，并且大多数 PFAS 对贻贝的吸收也是双线性的。尽管非生物浓缩系数大于 CF，并且 POCIS 的数值大于 PETS，但被动采样器对于评估可能在鱼类中生物浓缩但在水中浓度低于方法定量限的 PFAS 很有用。被动采样器还积累了没有生物浓缩的短链 PFAS。
