Department of Agriculture, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Private Bag X8, Wellington, South Africa.
Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute (AMHBI), Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa.
Curr Microbiol. 2023 Apr 4;80(5):164. doi: 10.1007/s00284-023-03263-7.
Mycological (mycotoxigenic Fusarium and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp.) and multiple mycotoxins [aflatoxin B (AFB), fumonisin B (FB), deoxynivalenol and zearalenone] surveillance was conducted on raw whole grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) produced on smallholder farms, and processed products sold at open markets in northern Namibia. Fungal contamination was determined with morphological methods as well as with quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR). The concentrations of multiple mycotoxins in samples were determined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The incidence of mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, as well as the concentrations of AFB and FB were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the malts as compared to the raw whole grains, with Aspergillus spp. and AFB exhibiting the highest contamination (P < 0.001). None of the analysed mycotoxins were detected in the raw whole grains. Aflatoxin B above the regulatory maximum level set by the European Commission was detected in sorghum (2 of 10 samples; 20%; 3-11 µg/kg) and pearl millet (6 of 11 samples; 55%; 4-14 µg/kg) malts. Low levels of FB (6 of 10 samples; 60%; 15-245 µg/kg) were detected in sorghum malts and no FB was detected in pearl millet malts. Contamination possibly occurred postharvest, during storage, and/or transportation and processing. By critically monitoring the complete production process, the sources of contamination and critical control points could be identified and managed. Mycotoxin awareness and sustainable education will contribute to reducing mycotoxin contamination. This could ultimately contribute to food safety and security in northern Namibia where communities are exposed to carcinogenic mycotoxins in their staple diet.
在纳米比亚北部，对小农种植的生全谷物高粱（Sorghum bicolor）和珍珠粟（Pennisetum glaucum），以及在露天市场上销售的加工产品，进行了霉菌（产毒镰孢菌和产毒曲霉）和多种霉菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素 B（AFB）、伏马菌素 B（FB）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮）的监测。采用形态学方法和定量实时聚合酶链反应（qPCR）检测真菌污染。采用液相色谱串联质谱法测定样品中多种霉菌毒素的浓度。与生全谷物相比，麦芽中产毒镰孢菌、黄曲霉和寄生曲霉的发生率以及 AFB 和 FB 的浓度均显著更高（P < 0.001），其中曲霉和 AFB 的污染最为严重（P < 0.001）。在生全谷物中未检测到分析的任何霉菌毒素。在高粱（2 份样品中有 2 份；20%；3-11 µg/kg）和珍珠粟（11 份样品中有 6 份；55%；4-14 µg/kg）麦芽中检测到 AFB 超过欧盟设定的监管最高限量。在高粱麦芽中检测到低水平的 FB（10 份样品中有 6 份；60%；15-245 µg/kg），而在珍珠粟麦芽中未检测到 FB。污染可能发生在收获后、储存期间以及/或运输和加工过程中。通过严格监控整个生产过程，可以确定污染来源和关键控制点，并进行管理。提高对霉菌毒素的认识和可持续教育将有助于减少霉菌毒素污染。这最终有助于保障纳米比亚北部的食品安全，因为那里的社区以致癌霉菌毒素为主要饮食。
