Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Twin Cities Orthopedics, Edina, MN, USA.
J Orthop Surg Res. 2023 Apr 4;18(1):275. doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-03748-y.
The calcaneal tendon, the largest and strongest in the human body, is created by the common junction of tendons of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. It is not a homogenous structure, being represented by layers in various arrangements. Morphological variability can be seen in the connection between the aponeurosis of the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle. Some types of plantaris tendon can be associated with a higher possibility of Achilles tendinopathy. Moreover, the presence of accessory structures, such as an accessory soleus muscle or additional gastrocnemius muscle heads may result in symptomatic pathologies. The main aim of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the calcaneal tendon. Another aim is to present morphological variations of the calcaneal tendon and their clinical significance. Such information may be useful for clinicians, especially orthopedists, and surgeons. This review also provides an overview of embryological development and morphological variation among fetuses. Materials and methods: review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search was conducted in five databases. Top quality tools were used to assess the quality of evidence in the studies reviewed. Research papers that made up the database of this review were analyzed, selected and assessed by two independently working researchers.
跟腱是人体中最大最强的肌腱，由腓肠肌和比目鱼肌的肌腱共同连接而成。它不是一个均质的结构，而是由不同排列方式的层组成。跟腱的跟腱膜和比目鱼肌之间的连接存在形态学的可变性。一些类型的跖肌腱可能与跟腱病的更高可能性有关。此外，一些辅助结构的存在，如副比目鱼肌或额外的腓肠肌头，可能会导致有症状的病理。本综述的主要目的是总结目前关于跟腱的知识状况。另一个目的是介绍跟腱的形态变化及其临床意义。这些信息可能对临床医生，特别是矫形外科医生和外科医生有用。本综述还概述了胚胎发育和胎儿之间的形态变化。材料和方法：根据 PRISMA 指南进行综述。在五个数据库中进行了电子检索。使用顶级质量工具评估了综述中研究的证据质量。由数据库组成的研究论文由两名独立工作的研究人员进行分析、选择和评估。
