Kapulu Ndashe Philemon, Clark Heather, Manda Simon, Smith Harriet Elizabeth, Orfila Caroline, Macdiarmid Jennie I
School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK.
Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Lusaka, Zambia.
Food Secur. 2023;15(2):323-342. doi: 10.1007/s12571-022-01329-1. Epub 2022 Nov 22.
An adequate supply of energy, micronutrients and macronutrients is essential to achieve food and nutrition security to prevent malnutrition. Socio-economic, political, and climatic events, however, can affect the supply of food and nutrients. We assessed country-level supply trends of food and nutrients and their sources within the context of policy changes and political, socio-economic and climatic events from 1961 to 2013 in Zambia. Due to the lack of national food consumption data, food supply data from the FAO food balance sheets, matched to food composition tables, were used to estimate the energy, macronutrient and micronutrient content of 264 food items available to Zambia. We calculated historical nutrient supplies based on demographic characteristics and population-level dietary requirements. Results showed that Zambia was nutrition insecure from 1961 to 2013 for key micronutrients vitamin A, folate, riboflavin, vitamin B12, calcium, zinc, iron, and energy-deficient from the late-1980s. The diet has not substantially changed over time, with maize being the dominant food source. However, refined energy-dense food has steadily increased in the diet coupled with a reduction in fibre. These nutrient supply and dietary pattern trends coincide with specific socio-economic, policy, political, and climatic events from the 1970s to the early-mid 2000s, such as population growth, maize subsidy and crop diversification policies, regime change and drought. This study shows how policy, political and climatic events have been central features shaping nutrient supplies and the consequences for nutrition security. The study provides a context to inform future food policies to improve food and nutrition security.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12571-022-01329-1.
充足的能量、微量营养素和常量营养素供应对于实现粮食和营养安全以预防营养不良至关重要。然而，社会经济、政治和气候事件会影响粮食和营养素的供应。我们在1961年至2013年政策变化以及政治、社会经济和气候事件的背景下，评估了赞比亚国家层面的粮食和营养素供应趋势及其来源。由于缺乏全国粮食消费数据，我们使用了粮农组织食物平衡表中的粮食供应数据，并与食物成分表相匹配，以估算赞比亚可获得的264种食物的能量、常量营养素和微量营养素含量。我们根据人口特征和人口层面的饮食需求计算了历史营养素供应量。结果表明，1961年至2013年期间，赞比亚关键微量营养素维生素A、叶酸、核黄素、维生素B12、钙、锌、铁供应不足，自20世纪80年代末以来能量也不足。随着时间推移，饮食结构没有发生实质性变化，玉米一直是主要食物来源。然而，精制的高能量食物在饮食中稳步增加，同时纤维含量减少。这些营养素供应和饮食模式趋势与20世纪70年代至21世纪初中期的特定社会经济、政策、政治和气候事件相吻合，如人口增长、玉米补贴和作物多样化政策、政权更迭和干旱。这项研究表明政策、政治和气候事件如何成为塑造营养素供应的核心因素以及对营养安全的影响。该研究为未来改善粮食和营养安全的粮食政策提供了背景信息。
在线版本包含可在10.1007/s12571-022-01329-1获取的补充材料。
