Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Zain and Al Sabah Hospitals and Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Apr 6;24(7):6807. doi: 10.3390/ijms24076807.
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent underdiagnosed disorder whose incidence increases with age and weight. Uniquely characterised by frequent breathing interruptions during sleep-known as intermittent hypoxia (IH)-OSA disrupts the circadian rhythm. Patients with OSA have repeated episodes of hypoxia and reoxygenation, leading to systemic consequences. OSA consequences range from apparent symptoms like excessive daytime sleepiness, neurocognitive deterioration and decreased quality of life to pathological complications characterised by elevated biomarkers linked to endocrine-metabolic and cardiovascular changes. OSA is a well-recognized risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Furthermore, OSA is linked to other conditions that worsen cardiovascular outcomes, such as obesity. The relationship between OSA and obesity is complex and reciprocal, involving interaction between biological and lifestyle factors. The pathogenesis of both OSA and obesity involve oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. The current medical practice uses continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as the gold standard tool to manage OSA. It has been shown to improve symptoms and cardiac function, reduce cardiovascular risk and normalise biomarkers. Nonetheless, a full understanding of the factors involved in the deleterious effects of OSA and the best methods to eliminate their occurrence are still poorly understood. In this review, we present the factors and evidence linking OSA to increased risk of cardiovascular conditions.
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）是一种普遍存在但诊断不足的疾病，其发病率随着年龄和体重的增加而增加。OSA 的特征是睡眠中频繁出现呼吸中断，称为间歇性低氧（IH），扰乱了昼夜节律。OSA 患者反复出现缺氧和再氧合，导致全身后果。OSA 的后果从明显的症状如白天过度嗜睡、神经认知恶化和生活质量下降到以与内分泌代谢和心血管变化相关的升高生物标志物为特征的病理性并发症。OSA 是心血管和脑血管疾病的公认危险因素。此外，OSA 与其他恶化心血管结局的疾病有关，如肥胖。OSA 和肥胖之间的关系是复杂和相互的，涉及生物和生活方式因素之间的相互作用。OSA 和肥胖的发病机制都涉及氧化应激、炎症和代谢失调。目前的医学实践使用持续气道正压通气（CPAP）作为治疗 OSA 的金标准工具。它已被证明可以改善症状和心脏功能，降低心血管风险并使生物标志物正常化。然而，人们对导致 OSA 有害影响的因素以及消除这些影响的最佳方法的全面了解仍知之甚少。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了将 OSA 与心血管疾病风险增加联系起来的因素和证据。
