State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Acta Trop. 2023 Jul;243:106925. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106925. Epub 2023 Apr 18.
The larval forms of taeniid cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus are the source of the zoonotic infection known as echinococcosis. Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus (s. s), respectively. It is endemic in several regions of the world. In this systematic review, we describe diagnosis, and the species (human, canids, livestock, and small rodents) affected by cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). From 1999 to 2021, we searched the online directory through PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and google scholar. Among the 37,700 records found in the online databases, 187 publications met our eligibility requirements. The majority of investigations employed a range of diagnostic methods, such as ELISA, imaging, copro-PCR, necropsy or arecoline hydrobromide purgation, morphological cestode confirmation, and fecal sieving/flotation to detect and confirm Echinococcus infection. ELISA was the most commonly used method followed by PCR, and imaging. The research team retrieved data describing the incidence or assessment of the diagnostic test for E. multilocularis in humans (N = 99), canids (N = 63), small ruminants (N = 13), large ruminants (N = 3), camel (N = 2), pigs (N = 2) and small mammals (N = 5). This study was conducted to explore the diagnostic tools applied to detect echinococcosis in humans as well as animals in prevalent countries, and to report the characteristic of new diagnostic tests for disease surveillance. This systematic review revealed that ELISA (alone or in combination) was the most common method used for disease diagnosis and diagnostic efficacy and prevalence rate increased when recombinant antigens were used. It is highly recommended to use combination protcols such as serological with molecular and imaging technique to diagnose disease. Our study identified scarcity of data of reporting echinococcosis in humans/ animals in low-income or developing countries particularly central Asian countries. Study reports in small rodents indicate their role in disease dissemination but real situation in these host is not reflected due to limited number of studies. Even though echinococcosis affects both public health and the domestic animal sector, therefore, it is important to devise new and strengthen implementation of the existing monitoring, judging, and control measures in this estimate.
细粒棘球绦虫属的幼虫形式是称为包虫病的人畜共患感染源。泡型和囊型包虫病分别由多房棘球绦虫和细粒棘球绦虫（s. s）引起。它在世界上的几个地区流行。在这个系统评价中，我们描述了包虫病（CE）和泡型包虫病（AE）的诊断和受感染的物种（人类、犬科动物、牲畜和小啮齿动物）。从 1999 年到 2021 年，我们通过 PubMed、SCOPUS、Web of Science 和谷歌学术搜索在线目录。在在线数据库中发现的 37700 条记录中，有 187 篇出版物符合我们的资格要求。大多数调查采用了一系列诊断方法，例如 ELISA、成像、粪便 PCR、尸检或氢溴酸槟榔碱排泄、形态学绦虫确认和粪便过筛/浮选来检测和确认棘球蚴感染。ELISA 是最常用的方法，其次是 PCR 和成像。研究小组检索了描述多房棘球绦虫在人类（N=99）、犬科动物（N=63）、小反刍动物（N=13）、大反刍动物（N=3）、骆驼（N=2）、猪（N=2）和小哺乳动物（N=5）中发病率或评估诊断试验的研究数据。本研究旨在探讨在流行国家用于检测人类和动物包虫病的诊断工具，并报告疾病监测新诊断试验的特征。本系统评价表明，ELISA（单独或联合使用）是最常用的疾病诊断方法，当使用重组抗原时，诊断效果和流行率会增加。强烈建议使用血清学与分子和成像技术相结合的组合方案来诊断疾病。我们的研究发现，在低收入或发展中国家，特别是中亚国家，报告人类/动物包虫病的数据稀缺。小啮齿动物的研究报告表明它们在疾病传播中的作用，但由于研究数量有限，这些宿主的实际情况并未反映出来。尽管包虫病既影响公共卫生，也影响家畜部门，但在这一估计中制定新的监测、评估和控制措施并加强实施这些措施非常重要。
